The Welshman

PURE TEA. In packets of 2oz$. and upwards, at 4s. per lb. for Cash, ,THE. EMPRESS OF CHINA'S TEA, consisting of various sorts of really fine. Tea, well matured and so judiciopsly- blended, that great flavour and strength are most happily combined. Each packet bears certificates that it is GENUINE & UNADULTERATED TEA, MOORE and CO., LITTLE TOWER STREET, LODox, Sold by E. B. JONES, Carmarthen. GOSSAGE'S PATENT SOAP. The Best and Most Economical yet Offered, to the Public. GNE POUND will cleanse thoroughly more soiled Clothes ? than wouM squire ONE POUND of TALLOW SOAP sold at FIVE PENCE, or TWO POUNDS of COMMON YELLOW SOAP sold at THREEPENCE PER POUND. As this cleansing is effected with less rubbing, the Clothes are more Durable in wear. Manufactured by Gossage's Patent Soap Company, Widnes Dock, near Warrington. NEITHER SODA NOR WASHING POWDER NEED BE USED WITH THIS SOAP. Sold Retail by Grocers, &c. The Genuine Soap is stamped Gossage's Patent. Wholesale Agent for South Wales-Mr, C. W. SMITH, 5, Mansei, Terrace, Swansea. IN THE HIGH COURT OF CHANCERY. TRIESEMAR. On the 20th of MAY, 1S-5-5, an Injunction was Grautcd by the High Court of Chancery, and on the 11th of JUNE following was made perpetual, against Joseph Franklin and others, to restrain them, under a Penalty of £ 1,000, from imitating this medicine, which is protected by ltoyal Letters patent of England and secured by the seals of the Ecole de Pharmacie do Paris, and the Imperial College of Medicine, Vienna. TRIESEMAR No. 1, is a Remedy for RELAXATION, JL SPERMATORRHOEA, and Exhaustion of the System whether arising from excesses, accident, or climate. To those persons who are prevented entering the married state by the consequence of early errors it is invaluable. TRIESEMAR No. II. effectually, in the short space of Three Days, completely and entirely eradicates all traces of those disorders which Capaivi and Cubebs have so long been thought an antidote for, to the ruin of the health of a vast portion of the population. TRIESEMAR No. III. is the great Continental Remedy for that class of disorders which unfortunately the English Physician treats with Mercury, to the inevitable destruction of the patient's constitution, and which all the Sarsaparilla in the world cannot remove. TRIESEMAR. Nos. I., II., III. are alike devoid of taste or smell, and of all nauseating qualities. They may lay on the Toilet table with impunity. Sold in tin cases at lis. each; free by post, 2s. extra; divided into separate doses, as administered by Vnlpeau, Lallemand, Roux, &c &c. To be had wholesale and retail in London, of Johnson, 68, Cornhill Hannay and Co. 63, Oxford-street; and Sanger, 150, Oxford-street R. H. Ingham, druggist, 46, Market-street, Manchester; II. Bradbury, bookseller, Deansgate, Bolton; J. Priestly, chemist, 52, Lord-street, Liverpool; Powell, bookseller, 1.5, Westmoreland-street, Dublin; Winnall, bookseller, High- street, Birmingham. GRIMSTONE'S AROMATIC REGENERATOR is the k_T only article that will produce a new growth of Hair of its natural colour: a few applications will cure every disease to which the human hair is subject, producing a luxuriant growth. Sold, in bottles, at -Is., 7s., lis. (this contains four of the 4s. size). If through the post, 12s. tin case; and GRIMSTONE'S THREE MINUTES' ADVICE UPON THE GROWTH AND CULTIVATION OF THE HU- MAN HAIR, including his pamphlet, with twenty real Testimonials to WILLIAM GIUMSTONE, Inventor of the cele- brated Eye Snuff, Ilerbary, Higbgate. Depot, 52, High- street, Bloomsbury, London. RIMSTONE'S EGYPTIAN PEA. discovered amongst \3r others by the Committee of the British Museum, in a va,;e, presented to them by Sir Gardiner Wilkinson, the Egyptian traveller. Three were presented to Mr. William Grimstone by Mr. T. I Pettigrew, w ho assisted in opening this relic of the !ime of the Pharaoh", being 2,844 years old. The growth of this pea is different to those of this country the taste is unequalled—they boil much greener than ours, and more prolific, being planted thus eight inches apart. The 2s. Gd. bag will produce enough for a small family. They require no sticks, and the bloom hangs in clusters. Sold in bags, 2s. 6J.; three times the quantity. 5s.; seven times the quantity, 10s. Eich bag is signed and sealed by WILLIAM GIUMSTONE, Herbary, Highgate. Depot, 52, High-street, Bloomsbury, London, of whom may be had, price Id., post-free 2d., the HISTORY OF "GRIM- STONE'S EGYPTIAN PEA." illb JNlSW YEAlt, 1S56. *-YRIK rropnetors of th(? ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS Jt beg respectfully to call the attention of the Public to the present Season of the Year as affording a most favorable opportunity of becoming Subscribers to that celebrated Journal. This may be effected through the medium of any respectable Bookseller or Ncwsveuder ill any part of the United Kingdom. A leading advantage of becoming Subscribers for the ,year 1856 will be the securing the delivery of several MAGNIFICENT SUPPLEMENTS, WO UK. ED IN COLOURS. which can be ensured only to the regular Subscribers to the ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS. These Coloured Supplements will bear'comparison with the finest Water Colour Drawings of our most eminent Masters, and can only be produced by a very large extra outlay. The issue of the ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS during the year 18-55 may be confidently referred to, as affording proof of what it is possible to accomplish where the resources are ample. And it is due to acknowledge that the liberality of the Proprietors has met with a response from the Public, unparalleled in the history of Journalism. The lLLrs- TRATED LONDON NEWS is now the most extensively circu- lating Journal in the world its present Weekly issue is nearly TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND COVIES, and that issue still on the increase. This signal triumph of British enterprise and industry, of genius and art combined, could only have been accomplished by the command of un- usual resources, and by the employment of new and greatly improved Machinery to keep pace with the requirements of the Public. The Proprietors are determined that-so far as they arc coiieerned-the issue of the year 1856 shall secure increased popuhritv to the ILLUSTRATED LOŒON NEWS. This will be effected bv improvements in the Printing by the in- crea,,ed excebl r cnee of the Paper; by the additional value of the Engravings; by new and eminent literary contribu- tions; and last, not least, by the Splendid Coloured Supple- ments; the whole rendering it the Leading Journal of the World. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.—For Unstamped Copies, only 5d. each Stamped Copies, which admit of free transmission for fifteen days from the date thereof, 6d. each. The Paper should be ordered immediately for six months, in order to secure the splendid coloured and other gratis Supplements. ON SPERMATORRHOEA AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE NERVOUS AND GENERATIVE SYSTEM. A Medical Work, Illustrated with Forty-five Coloured En- gravings, and containing the RECIPE for the At THOR's NEWLY-DISCOVERED PREVENTIVE LOTION. Just Published, the 71st Thousand, price 2s. Gd., sold in a scaled envelope, by all Booksellers, or sent, post-paid, by the Author, for forty postage stamps, MANHOOD The CAUSE and CURE of its PREMA- l?JL TURE DECLINE, with Plain Directions for Perfect -,Aestoration to Health and Vigour also the removal of Spermatorrhoea by a New and Simple mode of Treatment, without resorting to the dangerous practice of Cauterization, being a Medical Review of every Form, CAUSE, and CURE of Nervous Debility, Impotency, Loss of Mental and Physi- cal Capacity, whether resulting from Youthful Abuse, the Follies of Maturity, the Effects of Climate, or Infection, Ac. addressed to the Sufferer in Youth; Manhood, and Old Age with the Author's Observations on the Prevention and Cure of Svphilis. Spermatorrhoea, and other Urino-Gerital Diseases, as adopted in tne new mode ot treatment by Deslandes, Lallemand, andRicord, Surgeons to the Hospi- tal Venerien, Paris. By J. L. CURTIS, Surgeon, 15, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London. At home for consultation daily, from 10 till 3, and 6 to 8. Sundnys, from 10 till 1. This work, which for twenty years has stood the test of professional criticism and empirical hostility, treats in a plain and sympathizing manner on the various disqualifica- tions and impediments arising from nervous excitement and debiiity and to invalids suffering from the consequences of Secret Errors and Excesses, it will be found invaluable as a Monitor and Guide, by which the shoals of Empiricism may be avoided, and a speedy return to health secured. REVIEWS OF THE WORK. "Curtis on Manhood.—Far be it from us to misdirect our pen or sully our pages with a notice in any shape of a work that would taint the purest mind or pander to one evil prin ciple of human nature but the book under review, so far from having a tendency of the kind, is one calculated to warn and instruct the erring, without imparting one idea that can vitiate the inindjiot. already tutored by the vices of which it treats."—Xaval and Military Gazette, 1st Feb., 1851. We feel no hesitation in saying, that there is no member of society by whom the book will not be found useful-whe- ther-such person hold the relation of a parent, preceptcr, oi a clergyman.Sim, Evening Paper. Sold, in sealed envelopes, by the AUTHOR; also by Pirri, and Co., 23, Paternoster-row HANNAY, 63, Oxford-street MANN, 39, Cornhill, London; GUEST, Bull-street, Birming- ham IIEYWOOD, Oldhani-strcet, Manchester; HOWELL,6, Church-street, Liverpool; CAMPBELL, 13(3, Argyle-street, Glasgow; ROBINSON, 11, Greenside-street, Edinburgh; POWELL, Westmoreland-street, Dublin Cambrian Office, Swansea; J. Griffiths, Stationer, Swansea; Ferris and Score, Union Street, Bristol; and by all Booksellers and Chemists in the United Kingdom. This book can be sent Post-paid, without Extra Charge, to the East and West Indies, Canada, Australia, and other iI British possessions. WES^ OF ENGLAND LIFE AND FIRE INSURANCE I COMPANY. 1. „ ESTABLISHED AT EXETER, 1807.. Office for the Metropolis, 20, Bridge Street, Blackfriars. EMPOWERED BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT. Capital, £600,000. TRUSTEES: Right HOD. Earl Forteacuo Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P. Right Hon. Earl Morley Edward Divett, Esq., M.P. Right Hon. Lord Clifford Samuel T. Kekewich, Esq. LIFE INSURANCES. THIS Company offers to the Public, besides the Security of an ample paid up Capital, a Bonus of 80 per cent., or four-fifths of the Profits to the Assured for £100 and upwards, every successi ve period of Five Years. The Share of Profits allotted to each Policy may be added to the sum insured, and payable at the death of the Life,—or its present value in cash may be received,—or an equivalent reduction of the future Annual Premium obtained; at the option of the assured. At the last DIVISION OF PROFITS for the Five Years ending Christmas, 1852, the REVERSIONARY BONUS declared upon the Policies participating in four-fifths of the Profits of the Company RANGED BETWEEN TWENTY- FOUR and FIFTY-FOUR PER CENT., according to age, upon fhe Premiums paid during the Five Years. Assurances may be effected at a lower rate of Premium, without a participation of profits. NO CHARGE FOR LIFE POLICY STAMPS. FIRE INSURANCES Are effected by the Company at the usual Reduced Rates, and a moiety of the Profits is distributed every Fifth Year, on Policies for £ 300 and upwards. The Forms of Proposals, and Prospectuses detailing the other advantages of the Company, may be had on application at the Chief Office, or to either of the Company's Agents. WILLIAM CANN, Secretary. Exeter, December, 1855. AGENT. Carmarthen. Mr. George Spurrcll Applications for Agencies, in Towns not at present repre- sented, to be made to the Secretary. k BRISTOL GENERAL -16 STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY THE following or other suitable STEAM VESSELS, unless JL prevented by any unforeseen occurrence, are intended to Sail from CUMBERLAND BASIN, BRISTOL, (except the Dart," for Newport, and Swift," for Cardiff, which will start from Bathurst Basin,) and as under-mentioned, with or without Pilots, and with liberty to tow Vessels during the Month of JANUARY. 1856. CARMARTHEN.-JUNO. FROM BRISTOL, CALLING FROM CARMARTHEN, AT TENBY. CALLING AT TENBY, FOUR HOURS LATER. Tuesday 1. 11 morn-Thursday 13 noon Tuesday 8 6 morn J Wednesday 9 6 morn Tueday 2-2 6 mori^ Wednesday 23 6 morn FARES:—Cabin 13s. Children under 12 years, 6s. 6,1. Servants in the Cabin, 8a. (including Steward's Fees.) Deck, (is. Children under 12 years, 4s. Carriage, 42s. Pair-Horse Pliwton, 31s. 6d. Small one-horse do., 25s. Gig, 20s. llorse, 20s. Dog, 3s. Return Tickets (available for one week,) Best Cabin, 18s. Fore-Cabin, lis. Horses and Cariages landed and embarked at the risk and expense of their owners. Horses, Carriages, &c. must be shipped at the Pier of Tenby at least three hours before the above sailings. MILFORD, PATER, AND HAVERFORDWEST. SHAMROCK. From Milford to Waterford FROM BRISTOL. 7 miles from Haverfordwest Railway Station, Wednesday Tuesday 1 11 morn Evenin8 at 8 o'clock or as Tuesday 8 6jinorii goon after as circum?nces Tuesday lo Jl morn .11 Tuesday* 2 61 mor ill P?? 9, n FARES Best Cabin, 2os. Tuesd,3* 29 inorn FARES :-Same as Tenby. Fore-Cabin. 7a. Gd. ?wwaterford to Bristol, Fridays. C A R D IFF .-S W I F T. FROM BRISTOL. FROM CARDIFF. Wednes 2 12 J after Tuesday ] 9|,mom Friday. 4. 2?aftcrThursday.. 3 12 noon Monday.. 7 6 morn Saturday 5 2 after Tuesday.. 8 5 Rafter Tuesday 8 jj morn Wednesday 9 6j after Wed 9 ♦> morn Friday. 11 8 ^morn Thursday 10 5 J after Monday 14 10',morn Saturday 12 7!,morn Wednesday 16 12}after Tuesday 1.5 9?mom Friday 18 2\ after Thursday 17 .H noon Monday 21 6 morn Saturda3- 19 2 after Tuesday 22 fijmomMonday 21. 31atter Wednesday 23 7 morn Tuesday.. 22 4lafter Friday 25 8 morn (Thursday 24 0 morn Monday.28 9 m0ra1 Saturday 26 .7 morn Wednesday 30 ,10 mornTuesrlay 29 .Thursday.. 31 9 morn FARES:—After Cabin, 3s. Fore Cabin, Is. 6d. NEWPORT.-DART. FROM BRISTOL. FROM NEWPORT. Tuesday 1 11 morn (Wednesday 2 lOimorn Thuxs<lm.y- ■* I!, after Friday 4 1 after Saturday 5 3;aftor ll 4 morn M.?.?. 7': 5 af?erTu?da?-  ?'a'ftS Wednesday 9 7 morn-Thursday 10 <!?morn Friday !1 8 inorrijSaturday 12 7.Jmorn Monday. 14 lOimorn Tuesday 15 10 morn Wednesday 16 12; after 17 12 noon Friday IS aftei 'i?u? d 1!) 21 after Monday 21 6 mornjMondav 21 4 after Tuesday 22 6JmomiWednesday ?:{?.')j after Thursday 21 7.imornjFnday 25 C.morn Saturday 26 8 ^morn Monday 28 8 mum Tuesday 29 91 30 8 "morii Thursday 31 11 morn ) F ARES.-After Cabin, 3s., Fore Cabin, Is. Gd. DUBLIN.—Average Passage by the NEW IRON PADDLE STEAMERS Jexo and PHOENIX, 18 hours. FROM BRISTOL. FROM DUBLIN. Friday 4 2\after!Tuesday 1 6 morn Friday 11 8 morn j Tuesday 8 12 noon Friday 18 21 afterituesday. 1.) 6 morn F r i d a y ) 8mornTu'L'sday.2?..Hnoon Friday 25 8 morn Tuesday 22.. 12 noon Tuesday 2J 5 morn SINGLE FARES -.—Cabin £ 1 5s. Servants and Children (under 12,) 14s. (including Steward's Fees) Deck, 10s. To and Fro Ditto :-Cabin £1 12s. 6<1. Deck, 15. Available until second Return Trip from date of issue. Arrangements have also been made in conjunction with the Great Western Railway Company, for through Tickets, from from London, to Dublin, via Bristo!, and vice versa, on the following terms:- F ARES-Cabin and 1st, Class, 31s. 4d. Cabm and 2nd Class. 28s. 6d. Deck and 3rd. Class, lis. (0d. To and Fro Ticket* are also granted available for Sixteen Days, viz FARES :-Cabin and 1st. Class, 47s. 3d. Cabin and 2nd Class, 43s. CORK. JUVERNA AND SABRINA. FROM BRISTOL. FROM CORK. Tuesday 1 II morn Tuesday ] o mom Saturday 5 3 after friday 4.. II morn Tuesday 8 61 morn Tuesday 8.. 3after Saturday I 9 morn, Friday. 11.. 7 morn Tuesday 15 ll morn | Tuesday H 9 mom Saturday 19 3 after fnday IIj.. 11 niorn Tuesday 22 6'morn 1 Tuesday 2! ° ;( after Saturday 26 8 morn Friday 05 'gi_ Tuesday. 29 9 morn Tuesday 29 8 [morn FARES Cabin, 27s. 6d. Servants and Children (under 12,) 15s. (including Steward's Fees.) Deck, 10s. 6d. Arrangements have been made li. injunction with the Great Western Railway Comany, for througu Tickets, from London to Cork, via Bristol, and vice versa, on the following terms:- FARES :-(;01bl1. and 1st. Class, 38s. Cabin and 2nd Class, 34s Deck and 3rd Class, 16s. To and Fro Tickets are also granted, available, for Sixteen Days, viz:- FARES:-Cabin and 1st Class, 57s. Cabin and 2nd Class, 51s WATERFORD. CAMILLA AND SHAMROCK. BRISTOL TO WATERFORD, WATERFORD TO BRISTOL, UAALILLA.—(uirect.) F"(1»y 4.. ?aftei-CAMILLA-Tuesdavs.SHAM- tnday H 8 morn RUCK—Fridays—(direct.) t riday )8 2?,aftet-i Friday .?.. Smorn Tuesday i.. 91 morn SHAMROCK. it riday 4 l'ateri Cat)in?atMi)ford. Pater, and Tuesday  8.. 1 after Haverfordwest. | Friday n g morn Tutsday 1 11 mornil'uesday r) yjmorn Tuesday 8 6imorn!Friday 18.. 1 after Tuesday 1.5 ll morn'Tuesday 22 1 after Tuesday 22 6;mori! Friday 25 7 morn |j TWe.t* v •><> 0 .-••n iTimsday 29 9 Tnnrn F? r,,S -Ca in, 2-5?. Servants and Children (under 12 14s. (including Steward's Fees) Deck, 7s. 6d. To and Fro Cabin, 10s. Arrangements have been made with the several Railway Companies for through Tickets, as under, Available by the ordinary Trains only, or by Express on payment of difference iu Fare. FARM, Cabin&lst CIs. jDeek & 2 Class deck 3 islNGLE To&pro SINaLEjTO&FrO,SINGLE PaddingtontoWa[erford,tn4'7.3H86?.<O?UJO Ditto 4;.ilkeniiy I I ?) 4 ? ?,l 13 11 6I*?' 60 l? I Ditto Clonmel !I I 1 10 :2 :3? 1 11 it 2 -t 6 9 10 li ? Ditto.. Limerick if 1 0|3 1 611 15 7 ,2 3 6 1 0 4 To and Fro Tickets are available for 16 days. The whole of the above Vessels are fitted up for the conveyance of passengers and goods.—Female Steward 011 Board. Carriages and Horses shipped with care. Horses and Carriages to be shipped two hours before sailing. Particulars may be obtained by applying at the Bristol S team N-tiigation Company's Office, Quay, Bristol; where all Goods,Packages, Parcels, & c., should be addressed:- forCaruiif, to W. & II.Ilartncll, Corner of Saint Stephen s Avenue, Quay; and for Newport, to W. & li. Hartnell, Corner of Saint Stephen's Avenue, Quay, and to J.Jones, Rownham Wrharf, Hotwells. See aiso Bradshaw's Guide. In London-Spread Eagle, Regent Circus, Piccadilly H. Underwood, 56 Haymarket; Gilberts Co., Blossoms Inn, Lawrence Lane, Cbeapside, and 82, Lombard Street. AGENTS.—Mr. R. STAGEY, Carmarthen; Mr. T. J. Thomas, Tenby Mr A. Williams, Haverfordwest. Mr. Palmer, Milford; Mr.Bowen, Pater. N()TII;E.—The Frojirietors of the above Steam Packets wi ,I not be ace )untable for arn Cabin Passenger's Luggage, (il los' ordamag d) above the value of £ 5 nor for any Deck ?assel er's LUg" age (iflost or damaged) above the value of 2.011.: un- less in each case entered as such, & freight in proportion paid for at the time of tlelivery nor will they be answerable for any other parcel above the value of 40s. (if lost or damaged) unless entered as such, and freight in proportionpaid for thesame at the time of delivery. Not accountable for any Goods without Skipping Notes All letters seeking information to be postpaid.

THE FOREIGN POLICY OF GREAT BRITAIN. I NO. VI. I TEE POLICY OF ISOLATION IMMORAL. I It is difficult to prove the morality or immorality of any maxim or course of conduct. It is a matter rather for perception than for reasoning. If the mere plain state. ment of a principle of action does not carry with it its own sanction or repudiation-does not instinctively awaken in the general mind a sentiment of approval or of reproba- tion-the most elaborate argument will probably fail to produce conviction. The foundations of morality, whe- ther public or private, lie very deep. Ultimately, no doubt, they are to be discovered in the tendencies of ac- tions and of systems, in their natural and certain conse- quences, in their fitness to promote the great designs of Providence-the future elevation and purification of the race-the virtue and happiness of individuals-the pro- gress, the dignity, and the content of nations. What ever would operate to render men wretched and degraded, to retard the civilisation of communities, or to mar the beckoning prospects of humanity, must, we all admit, be unrighteous and condemnable. Whatever tends, on the contrary, to spread sunshine through the world, to diffuse happiness, to alleviate misery, to carry out that great law of amendment and advancement to which even questions of happiness and misery are secondary and subservient, must be praiseworthy and right. But as our short vision, soanty knowledge and imperfe.t powers can only trace out a small portion of the consequences of any principle of action, and can assign its tendencies but doubtingly and blindly, we are happily not left to this groping intellectual process for the formation of our moral judgments. Senti- ments and emotions, inherent or instilled (which arc-so to speak—the result and resume of the investigation by higher powers and wiser intelligences of those tendencies and operations which our finite faculties are incompetent to deal with), stand in the place, and supersede the neces- sity, of laborious logical or historical researches. That which a superior intellect would see, we feel, to be right or wrong. A maxim of moral conduct, therefore, when clearly stated, will almost instantaneously approve stself to the consciences of men a good object, when clearly defined, will be at once accepted as a righteous and fitting aim :—it is only when we come to consider the mode in which that roaxin should be applied to actual life and the means by which that object is to be pursued, that reasoning, divergence, and confusion of necessity begin. Now, if we see a man retiring within his shell, dili- gently pursuing his wordly welfare, scrupulously culti- vating his personal morality, sedulously guarding his va- letudinarian virtue from all external perils, but utterly neglecting or ignoring his social duties,-do we call him a good man ? Is he not at best an unamiable and selfish Coenobite ? Do we not instinctively condemn him ? And could the most skilful special pleading reverse this deci- sion of the conscience, or persuade us even to grant a new trial"? What characters in Scripture parables excite the most universal loathing and contempt ? Are they not the cold priest and unfeeling Levite, who thought it was no business of theirs," and so passed by on the other side" ? Yet we have no reason, except their con- duct in this instance, for supposing that the priest and Levite were immoral men. IVell Does not the same feeling pursue us into national life ? Do we not revolt from the doctrine that nations have no social duties and docs it not take much subtle ratiocination to persuade us even to listen patiently ? If a politician argues that what happens around us is no concern of ours-that we should daff the world aside and let it pass"—that we shall burn our fingers if we inter- fere, and shall profit by the quarrels and the ciimes of others if we stand aloof in vigilant inaction,—he has to veil his abhorrent doctrine under the guise of prudence and humanity has to speak with bated breath and in an apologetic tone; he feels instinctively that his Jiaxiras will not bear stating broadly they cannot be "naked and not ashamed But when a statesman of a different creed rises to reply, and asks indignantly if the wrongs and sufferings of our fellow-men are indeed no concern of ours" if we are to stand tamely by and witness—and sanction by our silence and inaction-the denial of sacred rights and the perpetration of consummate wrong; f our highest wisdom should be to feather our own nest anl our noblest courage to guard our own safety; if there is no solemn oath of Christian chivalry upon our souls to suc- cour the miserable weak and to baffle the unrighttous strong; if, indeed, our wealth, our power, our high posi- tion have been given us merely to be selfishly enjoyed and not to be virtuously and gloriously used,-does not erery eye kindle, does not every heart beat, do not the cheers of answering thousands proclaim that the orator has st-uck the cord to which every heart vibrates and given utterance to the moral sentiment to which all consciences respond ? Nations, then, like the individuals of whom they are icomposed, have social duties, solemn and ineffaceable obli- gations to each other. We need waste no words in prov- ing the position. It is the special sentiment which dis- i tinguishes tile public morality of our day from that of ancient times. It is that which makes patriotism a regulated virtue—not a prolific crime; a noble motive- not merely a somewhat expanded selfishness. With the Greeks and Romans it was a narrow passion, inducing a forgetfulness not merely of private interests but of the immutable claims of humanity and justice." With:18 a purer mortality has given birth to a wider and wiser policy. We do not, and may not, regard the ten com- mandments and the golden rule as operative and binding only within the four seas of Britain. And as we may not pursue or further the national interests by active crime, so neither may we by selfish or timid acquiescence in the crimes of others. Where a people is powerful, acquies- cence is called by another name, and becomes complicity. We recognise in other communities claims upon us not less sacred and imperative than those which owe to our own citizens. As a nation we have to contribute our quota to the happiness and progress of the world we have to aid it by efforts as well as by example there are grand principles whose triumph we have to toil for noble objects whose achievement is the final cause" of our existence; beneficent and holy faiths for whose prevalence we have to strive and sacrifice and suffer-as soldiers we would hope as martyrs if need be. So far we trust all whose consent is of consequence will go along with us. What those aims, creeds, and principles are to be, and how they are to be striven for which of two mode a of attaining one purpose is to be closen; which of two banners is most needed for the crisis; which of two perils menacing humanity is the most imminent and deadly; whether the army of Order or the army of Revolution is really fighting the battle of civilisation how much op- pression should be tolerated as the natural error of harras- sed power how much excess should be forgiven as the inevitable accompaniment of struggling freedom when we should content ourselves with grave disapproval, when we should venture on earnest protest, when we should resolve on active intervention :-these are questions for political wisdom to solve, and may well excite irreconcil- able divergencies among statesmen who are agreed on the main principle of political morality-that the doctrine of isolation is selfish, inadmissible, and unsound. We cannot escape from the obligations and responsibili- ties of our position as members of the great commonwealth of nations on any plea either of incompetency or of false humility. We can discover what we ought to do, if we will really study and inquire with a single mind. We can do whatever we wish to do, if only we will bind ourselves to it with a resolute and uncompromising will. If we have made many blunders and perpetrated many wrongs in times past, it has been from want of an enlightened conscience and a high principle of action. If we have incurred many failures, and if results that we deprecated have taken place and objects that we desired have failed of their accomplishment, it has been because we were not sufficiently earnest-because our will was languid or because our selfishness was great. If we, as a nation, once clearly know and once boldly announce in what line our sympathies lie and to what goal our endeavours shall point—nhat we will systematically discountennnce and what we will cordially encourase -"luit efforts we will aid and what conduct WP resent-by what course of policy our fricuUsnip may be secured or our antagonism provok- ed,-we cannot affect to rlouut cupping one iota out of our fitting province, without intrusive in- terference with the liberty of action of independent States, without a single proceeding which even arrogance could stigmatise as unwarrantable meddling, without being called upon, except in the rarest instances, to take up arms in quarrels not rigidly our own-we should still tie able constantly to succour oppressed right and to baffle aggressive wrong, and gradually and powerfully to guide the destinies of Europe towards the consummation which we have at heart. It will suffice for other States to know clearly and to know beforehand what under any given circumstances will be the wish and conduct oft Great Britain, to modify their whole plans and purposes. It is because hitherto neither peoples nor sovereigns have been able to foretell tliis-because we ourselves have never known it-because it has depended on the imperfect and varying information of the people, on the uncertain tem- per of Parliament, on the accident of the Minister or the Party who chanced to be in office-that we have so perplexed our foes and disappointed our friends, that we are charged by despots with disaffection and by patriots with perfidy, and that we have been on many critical occa- sions so powerless, and at almost all times so unpopular. We are now in a position to take up a line of policy at once consistent, dignified, and efficacious. We have got through all the roughest and most difficult portion of our home work. Our interval evils and grievances are either amended or in a fair way to be so. The Govern- ment now must be the exponent and administrator of the principles and feelings of the informed and educa- ted classes. We are, for the first time, in a condition to have a national as well as a court policy. We have, as it were, made our fortune and now begin to use it. It is probable that our international relations will henceforth supply the most prominent and exciting questions of our age—those which will make and unmake cabinels—those which will unite and those which will shatter parties. It is, therefore, of the most vital moment that the princi- ples which are to preside over those relations should be decided, like those of our policy, without vacillation and past recall. It is doubly important, since not only we have questions of great magnitude, and involving funda- mental ideas, to deal with and to solve, but we shall have to discuss these questions with Governments which, how- ever we may condemn their tortuous means or their un- righteous ends, have at least the inestimable superiority of knowing exactly what they want, and of being deter- mined to compass it if they can.;—Economist <

WHAT THE WAR WILL HAVE DONE FOR COMMERCE. Should peace be restored upon anything like the terms asserted to have been proposed to Russia, in what state would it leave us? What would be the effect of the war upon the commerce of the world ? We believe that it would be far from null tint if Russia were made to give the guarantees indicated by the reported terms of peace, the commercial world would be in a. much better position than it was three years ago, when the war commenced. The "blighting influence," which had been extending over new lands continually, North and South, would be not only checked but driven back. It will almost suffice for understanding the effect of checking Russia, to remember the effect of her influence. She has been described by her friends as a power encouraging commerce and so she did, after her fashion. Some years back, Mr. Cobden, in his England, Ireland, and Amvrica, quoted a table showing that British exports to Russia in- creased from E60,000 in 1700 to £ 2,300,000 in 1820, while the exports to Turkey had only increased from £ 220,000 to £ 800,000. But this report, written in 183-1, only came down to 1820 and Mr Cohden might even then have shown a considerably different case. The exports to Russia fell from £ 2,300,000 in 1S20 to £ 1,4S9,000, while the exports to Turkey continued to advance from £ 800,000 to £ 1,2-59,000. The progress has suUsecjuontly presented a still strrms<?r contrast. Our exports to Turkey, £ 3,438,000 in 1853, have more than equalled our exports to Russia and Austria put together. It has been said, indeed, that those exports are not to Turkey, but through Turkey to other places: which only proves that the influence of the Ottoman empire en- I courages a commerce that the empire itself is incapable of sustaining. With Russia the case is exactly opposite. Early in the century, the Czar v. as exciting himself to foster the commerce of Taganrog and Odessa; they were to be the great ports of departure for the produce of the Don and the Danube, as Riga was to be the great port of de- parture for timber, tallow, and other raw produce of the North. The Czar saw the advantage of trade, but it was to be the trade that he dictated, flowing in the channels that he dictated. He had caught the rud a idea that the wealth of a nation is exclusively or chiefly promoted by its exports and the maximum of export with the minimum of imnort was the objec'. The import-trade of the ISlack Sea and the Sea of Azoff rose from 10,000,000 roubles in 1821 to 19,030,000 in 1832 the export-trade, from 18,327,000 in 1821 to 30,934,000 in 1833. Russia was to give to the world such commerce as Caesar pleased but commerce will not exist or grow on such terms. Turkey maintained the Danube free, while Russia suffered it to be choked up with mud; and the diplomacy exploded by the war aided Russia. As Lord Aberdeen observed 0:1 the settlement of 1829, the effect of the stipulations respecting the islands of the Danube must be to place the control of navigation and commerce of that river exclusively in the hands of Russia," who would allow the world such commerce as she pleased but not such commerce as the world desired to have. Take the ense of a single port. Turkey would im- pose no obstacles to our seeking the commerce of lledout- Kaleh; but Russia does. In consequence of complaints of Russian merchants, who urged that foreigners enjoyed undue advantages in importing goods at lledout-Kaleh, an ukase was issued in 1831 to trammel the Transcaucasian trade, the effect of which was to ruin the commerce of Re- dout-Kaleh. It extended the Russian tariff of prohibitions and high duties on almost every article imported into Mingrelia and Georgia. At Souchum-Kaleh theTrebizond Turks had pushed an active barter, until they were arrested —if they were quite arrested—by the Russian gun-boats cruising between the forts of Circassia and suppressing trade lest trade should strengthen their enemy. It was not the mud alone that arrested the commerce of the Danube Russia imposed innumerable charges and consular fees at the port of shipment-charges for Beal, coverings, &c., besides forty days' quarantine at the port of arrival. In short, the policy of Russia, with respect to commerce, as with respect to politics, was suppression. The war has shaken off this blighting influence. It has abolished gun-boats from the coast of Circassia it has taken the mouth of the Danube from Russia; it has put down her right of transit-dues, consular charges, &0.; it has emancipated the mack Sea. But the effect wiflnot c effect, N,;i l ilot only be to place us where we were years ago, with simple emancipation there have been great alterations even within the last few yea s. Hungary, so large a portion of whose trade ought to have come down the Danube if it had not been arrested by Russia, has undergone many changes, t-.vo of which will suffice to show how much productive power now exists to be called forth her villein tenures have been com- muted, railways have been introduced. The Turkish pro- vinces bordering on the Danube have displayed improve- ment, even to the eye, from the industry and enterprise of the inhabitants, before the highway was fully opened to them it is henceforth opened, and the left bank is placed on a level commercially with the right bank. The Black Sea is emancipated from a piratical tyrant, at a time when war has brought with it a great amount of enterprise, of visiting, and of interest attaching to the whole seaboard of the Black Sea. Turkey, who has contracted her first, loan, has been fairly introduced into thcliuropean system, and has had her free trade tendenci_ es confirmed. These changes have been in great part completed in the interval since the Western Powers challenged the blighting influ- ence and undertook its removal. In the North, the favour- able changes are not so -,reat, but they are still considerable, and the interests with which we haH to deal in that region are on a larger scale. Commcrce and politics are as much mixed in the Baltic as in the Black Sea. Russia has ma- naged her marine, her customs, and her encroachments, with a view to her one rude object —territorial nKgrandis^- ment. She has recently been detected, it is said, in a new scheme for obtaining possession of Finmark, with a port in the North Sea, and of a marine population. Sweden has long enjoyed a rude commerce: its woods, mines, and fisheries, used until the last quarter of a century to be dis- tinguished by energy, activity, and development. But many tigns have recently been noticed that the Swedes arc degenerating under the overawing 'shadow which Russia casts across the Baltic. Her coastmen are indolent: they will strike work after a couple of days' exertion, and enjoy themselves on the wages which they can snatch by a hasty employment, instead of labouring to get out of opportu- nity all that it can yield. Even already Russian supremacy in the Baltic has been checked. The other Baltic states can no longer fear to exercise their own energies and activity. Perhaps, however, the most important result,; to the North will be the enduring influence of the check upon the proceedings of a body which is not Russian. The Zollverein of Prussia is quite as much political as commer- cial its object was to consolidate the material interests of several German states, in order that Prussia might have them pledged to itself as their centre and sovereign. While Russia has been maintaining the anti-commercial in- terest in the Baltic, her grand commercial agent was Prussia, chief of the Zollverein. We have seen how Prussia has managed to use her intermediate position in order to make a profit out of a contraband trade. To a certain extent she has always done so, being the intermedi- ary between the commerce of the West and anti-commer- cial Russia. Now, should the Baltic be thrown open- should Denmark be induced to make a sale of her Sound dues, as probably she will-the position of the Prussian Zollvc-rein would be turned; and a more active commerce would impart a practical lesson to the Northern States, that profit is to be made rather by pushing trade than by re- straining it. And the most formidable because the most moderate of anti-frec-trade organisations would be neu- tralised. As the conflict has not been so positive in the Baltic, the results cannot be so positive but we may cer- tainly augment the probable result by the example of in- creasing profits which the Black Sea would show to the Baltic, and by the general impulse to commerce from the action of this country under free trade. It is not to be overlooked that railways have been introduced into the countries North of the Bal'ie, into Sweden and Norway; and the internal rcsourccs of these countries are likely to be drawn forth at an accelerated rate. There are, tl:erc- fore, resident motives for stimulating the trade of the Baltic, ready to act with the external motives. And it is at such a juncture that the biigh'ing spirit is thwarted in the Northern Se, as it is removed ia the Southern.—A?'we- the Northern as it is ren)on,cd ii the

THE CAMPAIGN IN ASIA. The Czar Alexander is reported to have said, on be- holding from the northern forts the ruins of his beautiful Sebastopol, that those ruins had made peacc imposil!le, If the statement be tnH', aid if the sentiment it conveys be translated into plain language, it means that the hour has passed when the ruler of Russia might have been induced tA Ecton 7 -1 ..L_ L.I- "J l.I"ÖLi\t:U destroyed, he can be swayed by no arguments higher than those ignoble ones which have their source in wounded pride, and the desire of vengeance. If this be the state of the Imperial mind, peace, we are afraid, is yet far distant, and may possibly not be assured even on the day when Cronstadt shall lie as low as Sebastopol, and a vic- torious British fleet shall be thundering at the arsenals and Admiralty of St. Pdersburg. If we could imagine that the Emperor, finding the world against him, and kno\7in that inevitable defeat and disgrace were before him, if he persisted in braving the opinions and the justice of man- kind, were anxious fur an opportunity to retire with com- parative credit from a false and untenable position, we might see in the surrender of Kars that salvo to his self- love which might prepare the way for satisfactory negotia- ti,)n. But there is nothing in his character, or in that of his nation, to justify such a calculition and, on their part, the Allies have not done sufficient to convey the sa- lutary lesson of their invincibility. They have not put forth their whole strength as they might have done. They have but goaded the wild beast, whom it ought to have been their object to have disabled and have been cutting away at a serpent's tail when they ought to have been aiming at its head, or striking at its heart. The British people will not undervalue the importance to Russia of the surrender of Kars. That even, lifts the fortunes of the Emperor from the slough of despond in'o which the miscalculating ambition of his late father had sunk them, and will inffatc the spirits and exasperate the ferocity of his whole nation. It is for the Allies to he prepared to confront this new danger, and to awaken to the full knowledge of the fact, that not in the Crimea and in tho Baltic alone is the fight in whiell they are engaged to be fought. Hitherto, whatever may be said of the Frcnch, it must be confessed that the British have been deficient in generalship We have neither had first-rate sailors nor soldiers in command. If our Admirals had been equal to their duty, they have been thwarted, insult- ed, and rendered worse than useless by the pettifogging interference of pragmatic martinets at home whilst ou r I Generals-whatever may have been the advantages or dis' advantages of the system under which they were nomina- ted,—have either not shown a capacity for great command, or they J\H been oH'rshadoweJ by ?l,.e superiority of their allies both in mi\it;uy experience and in the fuice at their disposal. Our brave soldiers and our gallant subalterns have vindicated in every respect the ancient renown of their country and their race but we have had no Gener- al, except in Asia. If there be one name which stands out more prominently and more gloriously than that of any other Englishman in the war, it is that of General Williams. The British people, who were not slow to ad- mit the ability and to honour the courage of the brave Gortschakoff at Sebastopol, have not been less ready to recognise the eminent genius, the consummate skill, the unflinching heroism, of General Williams and the true- hearted comrades which fought with him at Kars, and de- feated for a whole season by their resistance the utmost available strength, and all the plans of the Russians. Hard terms have been imposed upon them by their con- querors-conquerors who would not have conquered if the noble garrison had had brea to eat and water to drink but for a few days lop-ger but they will carry with them into captivity the homage of all Europe and we venture to adcl, the espect even of the Russians. To have lost even for a time the services of such a General and of such an army is indeed a calamity. It would be btd taste as well as bad policy to underrate it. The triumph of Russia may not be wounding to the self-love, but it is damaging to the interests, of England. It is for the British Government to turn the disaster to proper account. The past cannot be recalled, but it can throw a li-jht upon, and serve as a guide or beacon to, the future. The Asiatic campaign is one that particularly interests this country. It is of far more importance to us than it is to our ally, and lla3 been neglectcd and mis- managed too long. France has no great Indian empire at stake as ire have, and Asia Minor is not on the high road to any of its possessions. Between the outer limits of Asia Minor and the borders of Hindostan, as well as in Hindostan itself are tribes, populations, and states that yield nothing to love, but everything to fear-that h,nc no allegiance for any ruler, no respect for any neighbour that is not physically superior to themselves. We cannot afford to let these populations believe that we are inferior in fair fight to the nussians, or that we can be outgene- ralled, outmanoeuvred, or defeated by them. \Ve owe India a victory in Asia. We owe it a campaign that shall make amends to our fame for the temporary check we have received at Kars-a check which we would not have experienced if during the last summer we had known how to make usc of such a soldier as Omar Pacha, and had been guiltless of the folly of detaining him in the Crimea, where he was of no service, and got nothing for his loss of time but snubs, discouragement, and bitterness of heart. If, in consequence of our dilatoriness, or want ùf èliill and foresight, the army of Omar Pacha-as, unfor- tunately, is but too probable-should be caught in a trap by General Mouravic-ff, and taken prisoners -en masse, II it will take a very splendid and final victory on our part before we can expect to recover the prestige which we have lost. Surely Marshal Pelissier and the Sardinians are suffi- cient to drive the Russians from the Crimea ? Let thrm have the danger and the glory of the achievement and let England open the next campaign with a great fleet in the Baltic and a great army in Asia. If Russia has her point of honour, so also has England. Inkerman was a mistake, but it was a victory. We cannot always expect such fruit from such trees. We have no right to go on calculating that our blunders will somehow or other be turned at the last moment into successes or that we can fight a desperate and cunning enemy without adequate preparations on every possible side. Turkey herself is not so deeply involved as Great Britain is in the result of the next campaign in Asia. The winter may prevent General Mouravieff from turning his triumph to immediate account. If fortune so far favours us, it is for the Go- vernment of this country to take care that the spring shall not find him in as good a position as that in whith he now stands.—Illustrated London News.

THE HOPE AND TIIE DESIRE OF rEACE. I lvhile the Peace Tarty has been haranguing, the Mi- nisters have been acting. While one section of the opposition has been vituperating the Government for its stubborn determination to carry on the war at all hazards and at any cost, and while another section has been pertinaciously endeavouring to persuade the country that the object of hostilities had been gained, and that there was no longer any purpose or excuse for their prolongation, those on whom rested the grave responsibilities of power have been diligently, unfeignedly, and silently labouring in their true vocation, and manifesting an earnest and practical desire to unite the restoration of peace with the real attainment of the purposes of war. Conscious that they would at once be unfaithful to their trust and would derogate from their high position, alike if they were to continue the conflict one hour beyond the period at which satisfactory terms of accommodation were attainable, or if they were to sheathe the sword one hour before,—they have done that %Yliieli will, we think, satisfy all Europe that, if the strife should unhappily be prolonged, the responsibility of that prolongation will n;it rest wi tli them and which, wo arc sure, onj/it to silence forever the misrepresentations of those enemies aL home who would fain hold them up to public odium as men greedy of conquests and careless of blood, who refuse to be contended and harshly reject the proffered olive branch. Our successes have made no difference whatever in our wish for peace as soon as such a peace as alone could hallow and justify the war became attainable. Therefore as soon as Austria—anxious to terminate a state of tilings which kept her in perpetual alarm and put her to a perpetual and frightful expense, and aware also of the great exhaustion of Russia and the proablc imminence of her entire defeat —proposed again to the Allies to offer conditions of peace, both the English and French Govern- ments acceded to the wish of a Power (which in truth had deserved no such consideration at our hands), and consented, not to open negotiations—which, after what passed at Vienna, would have been weakness unworthy of their position,-but to frame terms such as we could decorously accept, and such as Russia, if she be really sincere in her desire for peace and in disclaiming the ambitions projects attributed to her, ought to have no difficulty in welcoming with cordiality. And so clearly has our sincerity been shown, that the terms proposed are those suggested by Austria herself to the Alius, and with only such slight modifications introduced by England as were necessary to secure their practical realisation. A distinct ultimatum containing the offer of these terms has been forwarded by Count Esterhny to St Petersburg, so drawn up as to necessitate a yes" or "no" answer;—and we may probably look for the Czar's decision in a fortnight. The Morning Post says the contents of this uUiinutum are no secret. The terms are precisely those which, more than eighteen months ago, the Economist argued were the most gentle and favourable to Russia on which a wise, durable, or even decccnt peace could be founded,—and which we have never since ceased to hold forth as the ■minimum with which England or France ought to be satisfied. They may be saidgto t e not only moderate but magnanimous terms they excuse the acgressor those indemnities with which aggression ought always to be punished but it cannot be denied that they will go far to secure Turkey and lo break the prestige of Russia both in the East and in the West. The Euxine is to be made a commercial sea no ships of war arc to navigate its waters; all Russian fortresses on its coasts are to be destroyed; consuls are to b2 established in all its ports to watch over the faithful performance of these conditions; all forms and notions of "Protectorate, whether over the Principalities or the Christian subjects of the Porte, Russia is uttaly to renounce; and the mouths of the Danube, with a sufficient slice of Bessarabia to make this cession a secure reality, arc to be given back to Tui kcy. Now, no one who has been a regular reader of the Econo- mist will epect us to admit, that we regard these terms as u-Itolly tutisfuctory we do not think that they give to the Allks what their manifest superiority in arms: warrant them in demanding; we do not think that they entirely clear away the possible occasions and pretexts for future quarrels. The Crimea still remr.ins to menace Turicey t',ae posession of the only available harbours On the Black Sea still gives Ru-sia too much the virtu 1! command or mono- poly of that sea, even though vessi li of war are forbidden to navigate its waters. The trans-Caucasian Provinces still remain in her grasp, and will ensure the continuance of her chronic state of warfare with the Circassian tribes and a perpetual renewal of her intrigues in the direction of Persia,Afghanistan,and India. But on the ot her hand, the acceptance of these terms would be an acknowledg- ment of defeat, and, therefore, a severe and salutary shock both to the ambition and the overawing influence of Russia and the enforcement of them would enable Turkey t,) reco,er nn,l the Principalities to develop their resources vr j 5"\HJ! iree, national (jtovcrn- ment there tuight in the course of twenty years prove a permanent security for the Ottoman Empire. The imme- diate objrc:s of the war will thus no doubt be oltained. However, we are bound to say that the terms proposed, though not in every respect satisfactory, are such as we can understand that those who are invested with the grave responsibilities of the decision could not feel waianted in declining whcn our ally insisted upon accepting them. They are not a very great good-but war is a great evil. It seems very questionable, however, whether Russia has any serious intention of closing with them. There is, no reason to believe that she has been consulted upon the matter. In any case our part has been dutifully done. If she accepts, a co,tly and sanguinary conSict will have terminated in the discomHture of the Potentate who pro- voked it, and the triumphant assertion of the public law of Europe. Justicc will have been vindicated, and the weak and oppressed will have been rescued and revenged. If she refuses, the Allies will be able to stand fc.rth, with hands clear from every possibility of accusation, as the moderate, clement, dignified protectors of a righteous cause, willing to forgive much, and seeking to exact lit tie. Oa Russia henceforth rr-ust lest the whole moral onus of the prolonged contest. We dot suppose that her rejection of the ultimatum will induce Austria to give any active assistance to the Allies neither now nor ever do we expect from that selfish and narrow despotism the smallest voluntary or effective aid to a good or generons cause:—" she will withdraw her ?i?d to a !oo, from St. Petersburg-vot1d <ov?. But at j  n- b ass.idor least she can never again ask or advise us to offer better terms to Russia than those which she herself has now proposed and sanctioned :—at all events no decorous or consistent Government could do so. Whatever be the issue, our future course is clear. The question of peace or war is thencefoith taken out of our hands. We shall accept the rejection of this ultimatum by the Czar as a proclamation that he is resolved to persist ill those designs of aggrandisement which originally caused the war ;—and the next terms of pcace will have to be, not hive to be, rot offered, but imposed, and will be as far in advance of those just despatched to his capital as these were in advance of the Four Points he, so fortunately for the world, rejected at Vienna,— Economist,

NOTES AND QUERIES. Prince Albert has been allowed, we are told by the Daily J.ti"CS; "avowedly, to take part in the deliberations of the Cabinet." Where was this avowed Nothm IS more conspicuous in modern discussion than the difficulty of ascertaining facts, even at the moment of occurrence. It may be that the participation of Prince Albert in the de- liberations of the Cabinet has been stated somewhere, but we do not remember to have seen it. It would be interest- ing to set this historical question right at once. Was the late decision of Chief Justice Campbell against the compulsory observance of crossing cn cheeks ex- ceptional, or not ? There was some doubt in the evidencep whether, in the particular case, the crossing was to "ixon and Co. or onlv "and Co. and it is thought by some that if this doubt had not existed, the Jury woula have v r °Bts on'f {{i?n for the defendant. Hnt the present !? ??  only on the VerGICê; it rests main!y on the in-%truct?Lon?? of 1?o?{ Campbell, that no one is bound to exercise more caution ,2 cashing a check because it is crossed. Various expedients have been suggested such as iniki-ig.ttic check which would otherwise have been crossed payable to a banker in the body of it; or that it should be drawn in the form of a note, with a penny stamp, payable at sight, and requiring indorsement. A third suggestion is, a law giving to the crossing an absolute power of protecting the drawer-of course by restricting the payment to bearer," unlesi it should reach the bank through another bank specified. We view these mechanical precautions with jealousy. A clever hand at such things could, no doubt, suggest many mode. of "doing" the check-drawing public, if the cabalistic word —— and Co. between a couple of lines, were made to have a legal validity. Every new appearance of security introduces a new blind for fraud. We have been accustomed to attach much value to pro- verbs and traditions in respect to physical phenomena, 0-1 the reasonable impression that they have been the results of cumulative observation. February fill dyke has long given that month the reputation of being a wet one. Such, however, is not the fact. By a table of observations at Greenwich, covering a space of thiity-five vears, in a pam- phlet lately published by Mr. Belviile of the Royal Obser- vatory there, it would seem that, on an average of that period, less rain fell in tcbruary than in any etcher month of the year. Our readers will perhaps be equally surprised to learn that the wettest month was October. Wre believe the same results were arrived at by Professor Phillips in East Yorkshire, and are given in his very interesting work on the rivers and mountains of that county but we have not the book at hand to refer to. As unexpected may be other results from the Greenwich table. It would seem that 40 per cent more rain falls in the latter six months of the vear than in the former ones Average, First six months. 10.39 Second 14. 39 Mean annual rain fall.. 24.78 The same sort of mistake was made with regard to No- vember, "the month of suicides": statistics have shown that the greater number of suicides occur in the summer months-lax business and debilitating heats being more intolerable than fogs. Is fever a permanent institution wherever it is first es- tablished ? A correspondent of the Daily Yelcs quotes a private letter from Bermuda, stating that 11 the old Eclaire is showing herself again in the Rosamond the hot weather having brought out the fever again," and the new baptism not having altered the constitution of the ship. Is it that the Eclaire has become infected beyond recovery or is it that the structure of the ship engenders fever whenever it is under a hot sun ? We believe there have been many vessels whose conformation has produced fever by the impossibility of eliminating the bilge-wa'er or bad air. It is hard that the sailors of H.M. should be made the vile bodies for ex- periments in the pathology of shipbuilding. Why was the route of King Victor Emanuel changed when he was recc-ived in Paris ? This is a subject still (lebated in Turin. The people were led to expect him by one route and the King himself was led by another. lie was sent off in state at his departure; but, it was thought on his arrival, and during his visit, that the manifestations of the public were not invited or even facilitated. Is it that the paternal Emperor, who judges for the French, did not wish to give occasion for popular admiration to burst out at the sight of the King who has told the people to judge for themselves, and has exercised his paternal power to pro- tect them against the ultra-paternity even of the Church ? It is useless to keep up discussions upon the Credit Mo- bilier systems, but it will be quite well to note the continued extension from the French centre. The Paris company is now about to establish a bank in Madrid, advancing the Government 21,000,000 rea ls by way of guarantee. There is also a mystery at Vienna. The Austrian Go- vernment tl gets up a Credit Mobilicr—subscriptions for shares in the Imperial Koyal Privileged Credit Institu- tion for Commerce and Trade" the 10th is appointed as the day for the beninning of the subscriptions the office is besieged with an immense quene at the doors, and sol- diers are stationed to keep order On the evening of the loth, issues a notice, abruptly announcing that the subs- criptiori is ,it an cil(l." The amount to be subscribed was only CI,500,000 why, for so small a matter, get up the dramatic scene of momentary emeute ? From Austria to Spain we observe that there is this raising of the wind on the Paris plan. A contemporary assures us that "the tendency of the Russian peasantry is the very reverse of vagabondage and squatting" and for proving the truth of this, we are told, nothing breaks their heart so certainly as permanent re- moval from the tombs of their fathers." The tombs of our fathers are usually the last place at which we desire to be permanently" lodged. How difficult it must be for Englishmen to judge for Russians It is dangerous to refer too much to pedigrees. Sir Arthur Wardour proved something more than the antiquity of his family when he cited the name of his ancestor in the Ragman Roll. A claim was recently made to the public on behalf of a gentleman who is related to Defoe a very illustrious relationship. It is, however, curious to read in the chronicle of the Annual Register for 17711 page 65, another record of the Defoe family. January 2d. The following convicts were executed st Tyburn pursuant to.their sentence: viz. Mark Murks, for » street-robbery, which he denied to the last; Thomas Hand, for firing a pistol and wounding Joseph HollowaVi with intent to kill; and John Clerk and Joseph Defoe, fot robbing Mr. Fordyce of a gold watch and some money. This last is said to be grandson of the celebrated Daniel Defoe, who wrote the True-born Englishman, HobinsoU Crusoe, Colonel Jack, and other ingenious pieces." -Spee- tator."