Papurau Newydd Cymru
Chwiliwch 15 miliwn o erthyglau papurau newydd Cymru
3 erthygl ar y dudalen hon
ThE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851.I
ThE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851. I We are not very favourably disposed to this affair, as we feel strongly that it is only another exposure of British taxed industry to unjust com- petition with Foreign untaxed industry, in which the latter is sure to carry off all the profit if not all the honour. We however, know that many of our readers take an interest in the project, and on that account, and because our pictorial illustrations of the Uhuddlan Royal Eisteddfod were so well received, we present them with a perspective view of the building, which has been drawn, cut on wood and stereo-cast by Mr. George Dot-riiigtoii, another eminent artist, of London, ,ho is anxious that one at least of his works should appear in the North Wales Chronicle. To explain this splendid picture we find it necessary to repeat the description of the building, which we published last week, and some new matter is appended. The levels and measurements of the ground ne- cessary before commencing operations have all been completed, and the iron pillars upon which the structure is to rest are being fixed in their places. A large portion of the materials to be used are already within the enclosure, and the working sheds and other preparations and facili- ties for pushing on the great undertaking have been finished. In three months from this time an edifice constructed entirely of iron and glass, covering more than 18 acres of land, and capable of giving house room to all that is rare and valua- ble in human industry, is to rise from its founda- tions. Within as shrt a period it seems almost impossible to imagine that a work of such magni- tude can be completed; but those who have undertaken the contract and are responsible for its performance speak confidently on the subject. In the meantime there is nothing to be seen within the enclosure but heaps of iron, a few sheds, some cranes, two or tlii-ee slender scaffoldings, and about 250 or (iO workmen, all busily engaged at their appointed ta,1. At the main entrance crowds of labourers are collected in the hope of employment, gnu where between the planks of the boarding, a glIiiiise of iht interior can be obtained, the idle and curious assemble to watch. rhe building will be 1,848 feet long by 480 feet broad and 66 feet high. The long line is crossed by a transept 108 feet high, which will inclose row of elm trees now standing at a point so neai the centre as to divide the length into 948 feet on the one side and 900 feet on the other. In addition to the timber for joists, flooring, &c., the glass and supports of iron complete the entire structure. The columns are similar in form throughout. The same may be said of each of the sash-bars and of each pane of glass. The number of columns, varying in length from 14 feet 6 inches to 20 feet, is 3,230. There are 2,244 cast-iron girders for supporting galleries and roofs, besides 1,128 intermediate bearers or binders, 3."18 wrought-iron trusses for supporting roof, 31 miles of gutters for carrying water to the columns, 202 miles of sash-bars, and 900,000 superficial feet of glass. The building will stand on about 18 acres of ground,—giving, with the galleries, an exhibiting surface of 21 acres; but provision will be made for a large increase of galleries if necessary. The gallery will be 24 feet wide, and will extend nearly a mile. The length of tables or table space for exhibiting will be about 8 miles. An idea may be formed of the unprecedented quantity of materials that will be employed in this edifice from the fact, that the "lass alone will weigh upwards of 400 tons. The exhibiting surface will occupy a space of about 21 acres. The total cubic contents of the building will be 33,000,000 feet. The total amount of contract for use, waste, and maintain- ance is £ 79,000,—or very little more than nine- sixteenths of a penny per foot cube. The total value of the building, were it to be permanently retained, would be £ 150,000, or rather less than one penny and one-twelfth of a penny per foot cube. The g lass roof, consists of a series of ridges and i-alleys," exactly eight feet wide. Along the sloping sides without and within, the water is conducted into gutters at the head of each co- lumn, whence it escapcs through the columns themselves. In no instance has the water further than twelve feet to run before it is delivered into the valleys. The whole building will be fitted up with louvre, or luflfer, boards,—so placed as to admit air but exclude rain. The roof and south side of the building will be covered with canvas,—and in very hot weather it may be watered and the in- terior kept cool. In the transept alone there will be above 5,000 superficial feet of ventilators pro- vided. By covering the south side and roof of the building with canvas, a gentle light will be thrown over the whole of the building,-and the whole of the glass of the northern side of the building will give a direct light to the interior. The London Sun of Tuesday says Fortu- nately for the well-wishers of the Exhibition, for those in any way interested in its conduct, the original plan has been followed from the com- mencement without any appreciable modification. By the time the stipulated month in 1851 has arrived everything will have been completed. Already most of the space comprised in the pro- jected building has been allotted, and, in all pro- bability, the last portion of it will have been distributed before the close of the present October. From this it may be perceived that, while there is no lack of activity on the part of those entrusted with the direction of the enterprise, there is also, at the same time, no deficiency of confidence among those who are disposed to participate in its advantages. So conspicuously are these two facts already developed, that we are sanguine that all sounds of opposition and evil augury will have died away before the last rivet has been driven and the last fragment of scaffolding has been removed." It has been thought highly desirable by the Executive Committee to obtain for the great Exhibition such a collection of British minerals as shall give some idea of the mineral wealth of our country. With this view the committee have issued a catalogue of the earths, clays, mineral carbon, spars, marbles, ores, precious stones, &c., requisite to form such a collection, with regula- tions as to the size of the specimens to be sent. In regard to building stones, cubes of six inches 11, recommended, with one side rough and one finished. Gems, &c., are, if possible, to appear III duplicate, one showing the rough stone, and the other the polished and finished ornament. Statistical information respecting the locality of tIlls product, and the processes to which it is subjected, in order to render it useful, is required Arrangements are in progress for a great chess- lath, to be played by "amateurs of all nations," "uring the Exhibition of 1851. The idea origi- i l with Mr. Staunton, the first known player the world; and the first to respond to it was a laver at Calcutta, who has forwarded a handsome ,PtiOn. It is proposed to have a number of toumamenta," the entries to be £ 5 each, first Prixt, £500. Another suggestion is, English chess clubs shall each sand a THE INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION FOR 1851. champion player, with a moderate sum as entrance money, and the winner of the match to receive the prize, in the form of a handsome trophy, in silver. The Liverpool Journal has the following re- marks The machinery for the exposition of 1851 is now in full operation. London is about to reap a golden harvest, and the provinces, with unreflecting folly, are administering to metropoli- tan profit and their own loss. People are always eager to escape from the known to the unknown -to depend more on the supernatural than the natural. Men, reputed sane and discreet, believe in the monstrous absurdities of mesmerism, clair- voyance, and electro-biology, and even persons engaged in the active business of commerce and manufactures, softer themselves to be imposed on by the immense humbug of the exposition of 1851- They certainly ought to know that this puffed affair is nothing more than a huge show, rendered curious by the labours of scores of deeply-inter- ested Barnums. How rational men can suppose that anything is to be learned by what may be seen next year in the glass-house, Hyde-park, would puzzle us, did we not know the proneness of people to court deception and follow fashion. A moment's reflection ought to convince folk that manufacturers, possessed of secrets, are not likely to reveal them in a depot of every day machinery and a little more reflection might apprise them tliat in a InQ.,IUral:lUliut5 o>-l J »t.o>o positively no secrets. Certain localities have certain natural advantages, but anything more than this is no secret beyond a month. We cannot dye silk like India, Italy, and France, because our climate for- bids it; and the lady who reflects will tell us that it is the dye and not the pattern that recommends a silk dress or handkerchief. All the world will visit London next year—nobody will visit Livci- pool, and yet we have a local committee soliciting support for the exposition of 1851
THE PRESENT ASPECT OF CHURCHI…
THE PRESENT ASPECT OF CHURCH AFFAIRS.-No. 2. To the Editor of the North Wales Chronicle. Sir,—Perhaps the most extreme act under Henry VIII. which f"llowe(1 the" Submission of the Clergy" was that passed almost the last year of his reign, in which it is set forth that archbishops, bishops, arch- deacons, and other ecclesiastical persons have no manner of jurisdiction ecclesiastical, but by, and under, and from his Royal Majesty," &c -17 Henry VIII. c. 17. One always had thought that Timothy and Titus had received their authority to preside over the Churches of Ephesus and Crete respectively from St. Paul, and St. Paul hi: from Christ! Can it be seriously maintained that this prerogative ever lapsed to the Crown? Yet this camel was swallowed by onr Roman Catholic predecessors! And so far did the servile Bonner carry his Erastianism, that when Edward VI. came to the throne, he did not hesitate with the rest to apply to the King for a new commission to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Collier. vol. v. p. 179. But whoever made, or assented to it when made, it is remark.ilio that this obnoxious statute entailed a heavy judgment upon those most i mii) ediately iiite rested in it, and came to a premature end. It was one of the statutes revived under Elizabeth, and the very one in which the odious High Commission Court originated. The effects of the High Commission Court it may be fairly said had no sooner been practically felt by the nation, than it proved one of the most powerful incen- tives to the great rebellion, and the unhappy Charles I. had scarce time to abolish it with the hateful statute upon which it rested, before it achieved his ruin. Thus much of 37 lIcnrynn. c. 17, revived under Elizabeth in other respects Elizabeth was more moderate in her pretensions. She changed the style of Supreme Head" into "Suprme Governor," and she issued injunctions expressly disclaiming the least authority and power of ministry of Divine service in the Church. All that all,, claimed she said was, under God to have the sovereignty and rule over all manner of persons born within these realms dominions, and countries, either ecclesiastical and temporal, so as no foreign power ought to have .y superiority over them. -QUler, vol. vi. p, 25?. Still much was left in the letter of the statutes that was most unreasonable: and it only required to be felt.practically, to bo disowned by the common sense of the nation. And such was the character of the revolution under James II. It was eveu more than the first a pre-eminently religious one. James endeavoured by virtue of his Supremacy to force the Roman Catholic faith back upon the country and had he proceeded legally, there can be little doubt but that the letter of the law would have borne him out. The law had constituted him Supreme Judge of the doctrine and discipline of the English Church, and he might have ruled that only to be believed and taught, which had received the sanction of the Pope! Let thoughtful people only ponder over the principle involved in the constitution of our Court of Appeal even as it exists in the present day, 8nd ask themselves what there is to hii, dei- the Crown from appointing none but Homan Catholic judges t And if it be said that the Sovereign is now bound by law to be a member of the Church of England, it is easy to point to a Sovereign since '88, who ha, 11 sat under Dr. Cumming, a cele- brated Presbyterian preacher; and that should the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland be abolished, and the Court sojourn there part of the year, it is not impossible that JÙ. McIIale might be favoured with a similar audience; also that there is a chance, and that not a remote one, of a Cardinal ambassador before long in our diplomatic circles, whose seductive eloquence is scarce inferior to that of the Scotch minister. But any way the prime minister may be a Roman Catholic. And then let a person reflect how infinitely less competent wo should be to meet such aggressive acts on the part of the Crown, than the English Church was under James II. from the fact that our convocation is virtually a name without a substance, but in those days it was a living active body! But for the convocation it is notorious that Charles II. would have avowed himself a Roman Catholic in his life time, an 1 anticipated the attempts made by his brother to re-establish the Papal supremacy. It is equally true that during his reign no las than GOO allenltions were made in the Prayer Book by the said Convocation, with a view to propitiate the Puritan or Low Church party.—Johnson Grant's History of the English Church, vol. iii. p. 18, Ed. 1820. That these concessions were unsuccessful does not affect my argument. What deterred Charles, and checked James II. in hiiaggi-essiori, was that the Ctiurch of Ell". land had her own legislative body always sitting, always efficient, always ready to interpret her own laws and interests, and always on the watch to resist those who might be disposed to infringe upon her constitution. Would that half the enthusiasm which Macaulay says, used to be produced by the cry "the Church is in danger," were now evinced, at a time when her doctrine is imperilled, with her Convocations silenced, and her security consisting in the moral hold which she may have on the hearts of the people And this consideration leads me to tiulfil the remaining part of my promise, by giving you a brief notice of the grand desideratum now mentioned, I menu Convocation. It is obvious that had Convocation been t':e living body it once was, the judicial committee of the Privy Council would never have been to us the bug-bear it has been.- For though this court of appeal is somewhat differently constituted from what it used to be, it is plainly, as far as the principle of the King is concerned, a lineal descendant and representative of the court of appeal established by 24 Henry VIII. c, ID. In the last mentioned statute the commissioners who composed the court are called delegates, and by the statutes 2 and 3 William IV. c. 92, and 3 and 4 William IV. c. 41, all the power and jurisdiction of appeal was transferred from the court of delegates to a judicial com- mittee of the Privy Council. There can be no question therefore respecting the identity of the former and the present existing court; but there is this remarkable difference in the circumstances attending them-nauiely that the old court was a mere sinecure the new court hai stepped into a consequence and importance not its own, and produced a religious ferment, of which the workings are only commencing. What is the reason I ask that the old court of delegates never had but one or two cases to one of the least importance—and consequently was endured by Churchmen so long-for our forefathers in the 17th century were just as devoted Churchmen as ourselves? Plainly the reason is, that Convocation exercised a judicial as well as a legislative power, and that all questions affecting doctrine were referred, as was reasonable (and it is difficult to conceive how Englishmen should long acquiesce in a state of things so far otherwise than reasonable,) to the decision of the Church thus represented. Why let us only reflect what the acts of the last Convocation were. Is it not plain that it was engaged in the very same business that the judical committee of the Privy Council has been during the present year? Bishop Hoadley had published objectionable writings. They were not brought in the first instance before the Court of Arches, and so to the delegates as a last appeal. Far otherwise. And ye had ;UthoHoadley"lived In ou days, and hi wrü"p vokødtbe MM critk'fm; 18 it not obviou: writitohv ia r?. course of prIIICI that would have been instituted a?gainot him ? But now hear what w a the o»urM « la. u(A.D.ltt7. The Bangorian Controversy," "111 Johnson Grant, received its IWIIt from Hoadley, Bishop of Bangor, who published a preservative against the principles and practice of the non-jurors," and soon after a sermon, which the King had ordered to be printed, entitled 11 The Nature of the Kingdom of Christ." To the writer of these pages, this discourse appears to have been, in truth, a very confused production nor is it easy to discover amidst the author's periods of a mile what his precise aim was. He seems to affirm that the clergy had no right to temporal juris- diction yet that Christ is the supreme legi.Jator of the Church and that no power, temporal or human, ought at all to infringe his authority. To this perplexed argu- ment, Snape and Sherlock wrote replies while a com- mittee of the convocation passed a censure on the discourse, as Imding to exempt the Chuich from due subordination to the State. If this were really the case, it, is somewhat puzzling to determine, why the king should fall so violently in love with the sermon, or why it should be considered as bearing hard against thenon-Jurors. Never- theless, Grant adds. "an order from government arrested the proceedings of the convocation: but it was too feeble to stop the noutlis of the controversialists. Snape and Sherlock were removed from the office of chaplains to the king, and the Convocation has never been since permitted to assemble for the regular transaction of business." (I. ist. vol. iii. p 119.) So convocation was actually silenced for doing a most loyal act towards the state, because accidentally the person censured happened to be a favourite with the king. Again, how was the church saved from Semi, A, ianiarll only a few years before? Let tho same authority be once more heard. This censure chiefly referred to a book written by Dr. Clarke in the end of the preceding reign, entitled "The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity, .I which in the lower House of Convocation had been pronounced to contain as- sertiQlls inimical 10 the Calholic faith. The author vindi- cated the extracts to which they had particularly objected: but presenting at the same time, an apulogy to the Upper (p. 117.) One instance more from a different work, from which u ill appear that Convocation was no less energetic against infidelity when it first appeared. Toland was first and foremost of the Deistical writers of the 16th and 17th centuries few works produced a greater sensation upon the English public than his Christiaiiity not Mysterious." (8vo, London, 1696.) But it had hardly appeared before a committee of the Lower House was appointed to sit upon it, and their sented to the Archbishop, March 20, A.D. 1700. ft I; observable that it is stated in tho report of the committee that the said intidel work had been brought under their notice by no less a person than Mr. Vice Chancellor of .r, l? a proof how harmoniously and efficiently t?e organs of the Church and University worked together in those days. But to proceed to the rc-olutions, which were these-I. Resolved 1. That in thejudgment of the committee, the said book is a book of pernicious prin- cip les, ofdaiigerotis conseq uence to the Christian religion, written on a design (as we conceive), and tending to subvert the fundamental articles of the Christian taith. 2. That in the judgment of the committee, the positions extracted out ot the said book, and therewith hereunto annexed, are together with diverse others of the like nature therein contained, pernicious, dangerous, and scandalous positions, and destructive of the Christian faith. 3. That to prevent the growth of these and the like pernicious principles, it is the opinion of this com- mittee that some speedy course ought to lie taken for suppressing this and all other books of the like mischiev- ous nature and tendency. 4. That in order hereunto, it is aiso the opinion of thi. committee, that a humble representation of the premises, be forthwith laid by tli3 house before the Lords the Bishops of the Upper House, praying their Lordships' concurrence with these resolu- tions, together with their advice and directions, what effectual course may be taken to suppress these and all other pernicious books already written against the truth of the Christian religion, and to prevent the publication of the like for the future (Hist, of the Convocation 01 A.D. 1700, p. 74 ) It was thus that the English Church was first put upon her guard against Deism, her entire reputation of which is her proudest boast; inasmuch as she entered alone and single-handed into the contest, and worked for Christendom a signal deliverance. Thus in the different instances into which I have alluded, we have a Convocation at one time making 600 alterations in the Prayer Ihok for the purpose of conciliating the Low Church party at another time maintaining the due relations between Church and State at another time tondemning Semi-Arianism in onb of her own most able champions against Deism and at another lime putting the Church upon her guard against Deism itself -ever alive to the dangers of the age, ever mindful of the interests of the Church and of religion and what is more, recognised practically by the temporal power, as the proper judge of a.I questions affecting doctrine and discipline: for it sat with the full concurrence of the state, and will any say that there are no disputes between High and Low Church party now which it would not be ines- timable gain to have discussed in a conciliatory spirit by the Church thus represented, and there reconciled by mutual concessions and explanations, aud by Christian charity ? And is there no danger to the Church within from German I'atioralis, without from State aggression? At the present moment, those who are most conversant with our universities know how deeply pantheism and neology are spreading their roots there and there is not a churchman in the country but knows of the deep question now and for sometime pending betwieu Church and state. "The godless colleges" have already passed into a proverb: the reverence between religion (that is religion as it is taught by the Church) and education is still a question between the Privy Council and National Society: Christian society is threatened to be ruptured by the legalization of marriage between a man and the sister of his deceased vilb-it should be said his own si.ter! Irish bishoprics have long been suppressed: one Eng ish bishopric has been suppressed-that of Bristol; and one Welsh bishopric would have been sup- pressed but for the devotion of a noble champion since gone to his reward. Lastly, our Universities are at- tacked! Is it not high time for Convocation to be sitting ? Doubtless her constitution needs some reform it may be, that like the House of Commons she needs her I. Re- form Bil I." But who reformed the House of Commons but the Commons themselves? would the Commons have submitted to have been remodelled by the House of Lords or the Crown ? Let them do to others as they would that men should do unto themand let Convo- cation be reformed by Convocation, sitting, debating, legislating, as the House of COlllmons was by the House of Commons Convocation has undergone innumerable changes in her constitution since her commencement: reform is no new thing to her: she was differently con- stituted before from what she was after the Reformation. [ will not go back to a remote period in her history, in the spirit of an antiquarian, but for the benefit of your readers, and for a practical end I trust, I sha'l append in the way of a note the form of holding Convocatien, pub- lished by Archbishop Parker.* "Ô pray for the peace of Jerusalem." I am, Nir. Editor, your obliged servant, OXONIENSIS. P.S.—Lest the laity should be jealous lest their rights should be invaded, it may be as well to state that the de- crees of Convocation are only binding upon the clergy. 0 Between the hours of 7 and 8 a.m., the Archbishop of Canterbury was to come from Lambeth in his barge, and to land at St. Paul's wharf, from which place he was to be attended by the advocates and doctors of the Commons, and certain of the deputies from Convocation, to the west end of the cathedral church of St. Paul, where he was to be received by the Dean and Canons of the Church, and conducted to the quire. There he was to occupy the seat of the dean, with the suffagan bishops in the stalls on either side. A form of prayer peculiar to the occasion followed, in which the aid of the Holy Ghost was specially invoked. The Holy Communion was administered by the archbishop, assisted by the suffragans. Last of all a sermon followed, by one appointed from the upper and lower house and then the archbishop proceeded to the chapter house, pre- ceded by the dean and canons, and followed by his suffra- gans and the rest of the clergy. (Here by the way it should be said, that the archbishop and his suffragans composed the upper house and deans, archdeacons, and one proctor for every cathedral body, and two proctors for every dio- cese exclusive of the Cathedral body, the lower house.) Then the bishop of London read the archiepiscopal man- date summoning the respective members, and presented a certificate that it had been duly executed. Then those who had absented themselves were pronounced contumaci- ous, aud reserved for a future censure. Then the arch- bishop stated the causes for which Convocation had been summoned and then the two houses separated themselves in the o:der above mentioned. Lastly, the archbishop charged the lower house to elect a prolocutor, for the pur- pose of regulating the order and tone of their proceedings, and of representing their resolutions to and managing con- ferences between them and the upper house. (History of the Convocation oj A.D. 1700,p. 1-10.) In a word the prolocutor was the Speaker of the House ofcoinmons;" and so they proceeded to business. And what reason is there that a body of whioh the organization is still existing, and of whose proceedings there are so many precedents, should not be allowed to meet once more; and to carrý their own Reform Bill, as would probably be their first att, by making the representation of the parochial clergy mor; adequate to their nurtibers in the present day ?
[No title]
MURDEn OF A WIFE BY HER HUSBAND.—On Sunday last the town of Watlington, Oxon, was thrown into a state of great excitement, from the fact that Ann, the wife of John Lambourne, a labourer, had been murdered in the course of Saturday evening. Her bus V -1 proved to be the assassin, having inflicted <?< on the rignt aide of the back part of the t?M?SSX?* panted the scalp and bmiaed the beM<?S?B? <tn4 was discovered on the other side of the htMM? ?'M on the right cheek, tcgethtr withoevend In <tft<M '<M? patu of the body. ?*h-\ ? '??r?