Papurau Newydd Cymru
Chwiliwch 15 miliwn o erthyglau papurau newydd Cymru
21 erthygl ar y dudalen hon
IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT.
IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. In the II OtSE OF l01i11S. lord DOl La Warr moved ob- P**vent the «mro Session, and the object of which toS 01 cWldren under 14 years of LOKTB*1118 8Uoh M walUn« on ceilings o^zing^Sie' t^e Pa't of the Government, while "ltcf?M° tte defecti»« w^ measure, pointed out that, committee g the Bil1, W would hU °PlnIon that tor a Legisla- (o> u«efol industrtl. of young children Atte**>llC^ as this am^ oa*e bad been made out tram Lord Shaftesbury, the Bil1 attention to the report of the Select Point? ilre Brijr.,H0a" £ ,0*Commons in 1877 on the Metro- that in exCeUence in l°rdahlp, while recognizing many trati„ 'Ome of thf 1 metropolitan brigade, pointed out S>«! force ol?f0V'nc,al t0™ owing to the concen- °' hydran?. water supply, and the increased JS' of life anrt ed alot)g the line of mains, there was E&rl Property by fire than In the metropolis. thai.?*1 n°0douhfa^l.tt€d the importance of the subject. Cot* .e time to H«.I *hen the Government considered tnmitt^g 0f i u,7 *ith it had arrived, the report of the ten ie8tllation wy>Li!fou.ldtto some extent form the basis of p^ears there had h« 8 be ProPosetl- During the last °'^eri°u» to toWalXderable decrca!,e in tbe pro- th?» „of and an assurance from the ptu-°n*ideration nf ?k that the subject was under •Uacn^'i pr°Posed hv w ,G°vernment, thd formal motion for ^"»lon terminated QraavUle' w" aSr«ed to, and the a stage' the amendments *hd th«ir lordship were considered and agreed In the H 1086 8^or'^ before eight o'clock. **«» the vote COMMONS, Mr. Chamberlain gave notice clan! a 'osoiution e*Pen»es of the Zulu War he would that any ov»^eprecat;n8 a war ot revenge, and de- li* reoeiveri fU^efw° Peace 'om Cetywayo should be *y»u)*trQcted not the High CommUsloner should Of th!? °f governm^ ,on a destruction of the Zulu country ■ which might compel the annexation Hft | • thathreinfL?*ked what truth there was In the 5ch»S,fromindu.^5ient8 for South Africa had been 10 *«nd th«m k the Indian Government had 8tta^ Ve been ei J4!"8 11 desires to retain the troops *ald he was the Afghan campaign, Colonel «tS^c«a whVr-f,-?- 01 the existence of any cir- O^^atensent. 8 Te 'be slightest foundation for ^di^n^°mef0lenff0kh^ ln»t° SuPP1y. Mr- O'Donnell called P«titi,?t)utatlon of v ? rePV °f th« Viceroy of India *>en? .bd against hi. .Indlan Association which had *ot«V? 1116 Vernapni<,»DT?n measures, and to the treat- *«D1» f ^'nre on Be concluded by moving a from Mr. H nf ,? ^ytton, which, after a few words in > Shortly otanhope, was negatived fry 216 to 36." Wed^ ^idget'wM^f o clock the Adjourned Debate on the !?the 8reVter ^rf. ™d by Sir G- CampbeU, and occu- Tbe H0ttM PMt 01 the 6Veni^- journed at a quarter-past one.
[No title]
that's telLranfh8^ 28, Lord Cranbrook •Ajjiam. J^narl statin Jday been received from ch« £ ?5 °f Cabul. TH bad signed a treaty with the announcement was received with ^'enient1 an(feJl00wn,fleld then ro«e and said:—It may be that ap* ^teresting to your lordships to v..utenanV-G8n«. i f, *'y bas been pleased to appoint (K* *Sd the T». Garnet Wolseley to be Governor of ^v|*a^' M(^ to be High Commissioner and • •t t« the «>, 'bose colonies and in the lands ad- .IrJ0** I beii«„°r,^ and °f those colonies in South that at this time Sir Bartle Frere has -j. P°»er which h °Wn' and Frere will exercise lacent d«D«nH ° P°Me«MS in that colony and in all the ^>a, to ,em^leg and re«lons a"ached. I ought, Mdenjjg ths«« your 'ordshipB, which is necessary in °f Sir Bartu that the distance between the of l,oco mi. 6re 8 aithorlty and the seat of war is W1U J e». Papers explanatory of these arrange- ••*«.) edlately placed on your lordships'table. IiO^ tlle attpreme mn?»d whether 811 Garnet Wolseley would hef°td B«ano Wtarjr command. replied that the rank which Sir Garnet '"ade »• d n°t cont» m 'm.med'ately the supreme command Cheu*°*ld deDrlvi^Pi that the "tatement he had just £ ^ford. ptlTe the country of the services of Lord a Solution condemning the •ttbjeci but assuran^eiepo^' whlch Bave rl*e to a w°lld be been Klven that the whole the *° 'nqulre 1^ JT th y the Committee about to be the RAISKJH organisation and expenditure ^b'P* adjourned 0DB were withdrawn, and their of the Exche- decl(SJ?vln South Air?™ h consideration of the condition *&a fcu.that the arrtrf^ !r MaJe»ty s Government have authnnt^ .v11 nnder which the chief civil loug,^ distributed ar^r, « ne«gbbourhood of the seat of »en? deemedVj among four different persons can no Si* (lecture. Th«t hUa ^?th? re^trements of the pre- cn^^et w„i have therefore decided on appointing fcSSj^d to the superior civil andmSf Xr" *° the nol?Ka t^° Transvaal, and the native terrl- Jl^.seat of »«^rtb?rar<1 a?d eastward of these colonies, now SjjMot U at (Cbeers.) It will be remembered that this £ 2*0, Wheil fUtance ol more than 1,000 mUes from Cape 2~Uan»ent J.d^uig the approaching Session of the Cape 25!? **Wtsinir^« £ Bartle Frere must be engaged on important tadthe ut?*1". <Hear> hear.) Papers will at once be tbe reasons »«??ialn'nS>the precise nature of the change I «r. W. e. Fo t ^Hear> bear.) the ri^t h^d be dld Dot Quite gather from what to be under the n<?» whether the Transvaal Chanceu o,tK ^ran8ement or not. Y^W°lsele, wa. to iVeply- Bald that 81r Xlje or °f Natal and the Trans- he was no*. _l?n ,rom Mr. SulUv^naH» ^eQwently, In *°"bkg the opE6^hfat 8««Sd b5]Lon rMi Hl^Beach *«rms of peace h -f .!1 ^tywayo wl« £ < n»° kad for Jbiy two messages W^K1116 publlcation ofX»hUSI° recelve certain TJT^ been rec«)v«.^ « the Blue-books ^d been aDd the /f°m the Zulus, one th6 ♦ 8^ 8a'nd 'as^ed be?n asked Sir R. Peel W^dedVa"d also whether jf UiBulwer was to oe nad Intimated hU £ #!«,« U wa* trne that Sir Bartle thft?^e these questio^. J601100 not *° '^1°- *t>tK>ln^3rDlaeti^ of th« w ere an8wered Mr. Sullivan moved •or whl»?ent of Sir (1.1 iS!8, in order to ask whether the tor u.f Vier the inva»i^?^e« ^°'*eley signified a new policy, it Pitdoib^!? i Zululand was to be prosecuted *Wk ''• chamb«io.i indicating our military reputation Sir Gam«» \x?', ln seconding the motion, asked °* to proi»r-n, Mley would go out as a messenger of ^^fy war. 6 *ith more violence an unjust and un- ty^ley tSSS* the Exohequer said that Sir Garnet W»«!r for the !3overno* of Natal and High Com- of the Native Tribes. No answer Sl'bt o? 4^e views of th01? bartle Frere to the despatch war wfrl Government as to the commence- ^Pan^^fnctToM oonhtned; and as to Sir Garnet Bb n *bout to information would be found in «he^ £ Peel 1414 on the table. ^e CHSNCEUOR^'F ? £ UtS ,atufaction at the state- s' end £ enli to take tbe Exchequer, and urged the ^i» H »e w*r- and th. opportunity of putting v^el«a»f« Javeloek »h b conversation was continued by ^rtrd> Portion un^? /hd What wo"ld be Lord n0t ^dy, who new arrangement; and f ooter oiWar of extermlli6 h Bome aMUrance that peace, JBE Bon 0 joined in thl intended. Mr. W. E. GatS*^ *°me furth«» ? ^ppeal the Government to give r/, 6' Wolseley wa« t^°rma »a* to tbe PoUcy which UjJ°lonei stani carry out. •»»ll2liVern,nentr??e conl<1 be more anxious than ^lont P°srible b"n8 the war to a close a? the very *hst»!? a°d ^e v,^? consistent with the safety of the Mth^tion* Wq honour of our arms. Sir Garnet Wolseley's »neu exn.M be framed in that spirit, and it was hoped <Wi* turn to Africa, he woald be able to give of 1^1 colony as woold speedily lead to a ?°rdinth^' A! u° extermination, there was not a sucg1 ^ede8*atcbe» otfbe Government which would h« he to the position of Lord Chelmt- ^oul<i ha^ i°niorKin Army to Sir Garnet Wobeh £ to hu to subordinate his plans and his general tto^^d.^L^Pe/ior officer; but ln placing the supre^ V 0,1 mlU^ryJ to one ha«d there wa" 5o to! ^hlth»l J smallest censure on Lord Chelmsford. C*m^?^factory MI5?L ?h'mltt,n? that these a«surances ,^0l*«ley'B^B«w,- y wen{-thought the text of Sir &is whence hut ought be lald before the JVhitb^ impossible cbancelior of the Exchequer said be p,0^a* repiiertt'ht? Vjey were not yet drawn up. Mr. h^5c°d, and *h « at any rate, the tubstance ought to JSTF* Papeh *epl>^g to a6an«t?lber8 had BPokeD. Sir M. Hicks- Kia7^ld ex^ain ?h 8i °n £ om 8lr J" »oldsmJd, said the H^°^ i rUghly the relative P°a,tlon of the *bd^f,,abu*h theab'i^» n"w "Kement, and also would ^Ce.^ °°ntrol inllt, neces8ity f°r vesting the sole clvU ^°Wd ie 8 ibstructloM tnPer,5nVWlthregard to 8,rGarnet Jfrival to their ™kh ^?ad now to the House ^°w dim 6 officer wh! ,11 ln the colony before the pities ln th« w «° carry them °nt, and might pressed u ey Would hB .°l staining the end which all &*Wrtby the Gov«^n8l8t!nt wlth the desire always Slight d?t 80 far frorii to arrive at a honourable Qi«TietV^rthe Zulus t^6rfIDlnatlon or anymeaiure which ^^e^^ley wonlH;, ^011 beln« contemplated, Jffety o^tnot to exJJ.y h^to'd that it was the object of the I^cted » hat we territory, but to secure the to h £ /ecelve jlv i y Po'sessed He would be ln- m by the Zaiu h^Afide overtures which might be FACTORY, of H*»I G' ^«ht at t?a a» much ».gt0?J thought this statement satis 5»de w.:?e present ? be «pected from the Govern th'6 Whlnhut »o ttuchn? though It might have been ^t it e °h the GovcJ?I?',ure- He entirely approved the v Atte» ely Jnstifled tv>en h,ad taken, and maintained hin« 016 fnrth the action of the Opposition. &el! illation :'ntiurther conversation, Mr. Sullivan withdrew e8»rd « ^ess th««, should oppose the motion for fiefo- eS°tlations for ot the instructions with 01 th ProcenHi peHC0 were stated. t^Je^^equer 0rder« of the Day the Chancellor that had luItT aneed' amId much cheering, that a No??6*4* ofPetenj:r!rd from toe vioeroy ,tat,DK Thfi ^&Vagnarl that d^ Am6er had be011 signed by The h atl that day. ^°te8Inior five'hnT,!04 int0 Committee of Supply, and was at half Past twBd,a ha."1 int dUcu«fing the Prison Pa8rft^lveoclockMr- O'C. Power moved r?*eed7? to withnAUer some conversation, however he hU opposition, and'the vote 'ww 8 "i Service and » vote on account of £ 1,101,400 for loiS*8 othet b Revenne Departments. at flye ^/bMs was disposed of, and the House ad- minutes past one o'clock.
^ATIONA £ I THRIFT SOCIETY.
^ATIONA £ I THRIFT SOCIETY. has recently been formed gerrient and development of thrift P*oviHn^?U?',y' by the establishment of penny fPensariea, &cM and by the wide- 3?nu U8eft?1 literature bearing on the ■^arl o the Bocift 08e vbo have become vice-presi- tht> -r,. tanhorm a?^ members of the council are :— t>iPi lBbop8 -1 Sydney, the Earl of Glasgow, L°rcj p ,.urbam, Lichfield, and Dover, Lord ^/b. Sir W alt«.Tn CamPb«li. M.P., Sir Richard XVau M p \t?6B, Sir David Solomons, Colonel M-P MI ^R- JV G. Talbot, M.P., Mr. Can« ArchH.o^' t?' M.P., Dean Payne- Sav b King p_ HarrUon, Canon Duckworth, SSr pre«twich, Kev. Professor of Mr. S* c,BudKe". Mr. G. Herbert It i» r fentlem«n- Portal, and a number throv, ^°P°8ed tn in the question of thrift fWih°Ut the ^9 a centre in each c.unfy .ft tead.Qn.ilf om,M,8PeediJy »s possible. The ^T Society are at Oxford, ^18 Mr. T. Bowden Green.
A VISIT TO CETYWAYO'S BROTHER,
A VISIT TO CETYWAYO'S BROTHER, The Special Correspondent of the Standard with General Wood, writing under date Kambula Camp, Zululand, April 14, desoribes a visit recently made to Oham, an elder brother of the Zulu King. The following is an extract from the letter, which is an extremely Interesting one. It ap- peared in the Standard of May 82 Oham, an elder brother of Cetywayo, who, thanks to the judicious negotiations of Colonel Wood, has surrendered with a good portion of his tribe, was living close to Utrecht, and as he and his followers were still at the kraal which I had noticed on coming in from Newcastle, I determined to interview him. The negotiations with this Zulu potentate were conducted through a Mr. Nunn, a trader who had lived long in Zululand, and who had been for many years on friendly terms with and, indeed, is a sort of trusted councillor of Oham. Next morning, at 6.45, I was punctually at Mr. Nunn's encampment, and accompanied by a gallant officer commanding a corps of Irregular Native Cavalry, who has fought the Zulus half-a-dozen times in the present campaign, and who was curious to see some of them on a peace footing, we cantered over the little stream running through Utrecht, and up the opposite elope to the kraal occupied by Oham and his followers. There were the usual accompani- ments of a Kaffir village in this part of Africa. A few stately, shapely savages were stalking about here and there in the distance, with that re- markably slight apology for clothing, which is characteristic of the race. Naked children were rolling about in the dust, and a few hard-worked women were toiling to and fro with heavy burdens of wood and water. There was a cattle kraal of rough stones and thorn trees, and, hanging our bridles over the branches, we followed Mr. Nunn into an enclosure formed by a matting wall six feet high, made of reeds bound together after the fashion common to all savage nations. Inside the enclosure was a hemispherical hut twelve feet in diameter, built of an inner and outer casing of flexible thorn branches, confining a compact interior mass of dried grass very like barley straw. The only mode of entrance was by a sort of dog-hole about two and a half feet high, into which one could only crawl on all fours, Mr. Nunn set the example, and I followed, to And myself in an atmosphere so hot and rank that I felt much inclined to forego the honour of a visit, and so dark that I could see nothing. I and my companion managed to scramble to the side of our guide, and then, as the eye became accustomed to the gloom, I became aware of a huge and obese Kaffir, weighing at least eighteen stone, sitting cross-legged on two mats, somewhat after the tailor fashion, on the op- posite side of the hut, with what looked like a black shaggy railway rug round his waist, but naked up- wards. His face, which is not unintelligent and de- cidedly good-looking for a Kaffir, is smooth, with no sign of beard or whisker. His hair, or wool," was cropped close, and he wore thering-kop or coronet of vegetable gum, something like gutta percha, which is kneaded in a circular shape into the wool of every man when he Î8 married, thus distinguishing him for ever after from those who have not attained the dignity of matrimony. Great rolls of fat covered his ribs, while on his huge round arms were large cicatrices showing that he had been at some time or other most effec- tively vaccinated. He seemed to be contemplating his own right hand when I first made him out, and then I noticed that he had a bottle of "square-face" [Hollands gin] within easy reach, and that near him, but still on the opposite side of the hut, was an attendant Kaffir squatting on his heels, embracing his knees, and regarding his Sovereign with a fixed look that satisfied me that to take his eyes off for a moment, and so to fail in catching the first indication of the Royal wants would be a gross breach of etiquette. I had time to see that the floor of the hut was like polished black wax, that in the centre the earth was raised into a little mound with a circular depres- sion-probably a sort of fireplace—and that a row of rough posts, with transverse timbers, supported the roof, when I was conscious that Mr. Nunn was intro- ducing me. Oham stretched out a huge soft paw, which I scrambled forward on hands and knees to reach, my companion being similarly honoured. On re- gaining our places I saw that half the kraal was devoted te Oham, visitors and attendants being relegated to the other half, and that the only article in the shape of furniture was a small brass candlestick stand. ing in the fireplace. Oham had by this time fallen again to the contemplation of his own right hand, and I then became aware that he had a showy ring on the little finger. This article was evidently occupying the whole of his thoughts for the moment, and while he regarded it with evident satisfaction from every point of view he chattered Zulu volubly with Mr. Nunn, who told us that it was a gift from some visitors who had called en him pre- viously. He took it off, and handed it round to us to admire, and though not learned in the gold- smith iii craft it did not need a long inspection to satisfy me it was "Brummagen" of the first water, A piece of glass with red tinfoil at the back, simulated a ruby as big as a man's thumb nail, sufficiently well to satisfy a Zulu, whila the massive chased setting would have matched 'J' Ti it were not that lineB of verdigris in the hollows made it needless to speculate further on the fineness of the metal. Two huge KafSra now eclipsed our only source of light by swarmiDg iato the door way. They took their places by their confrere who was already in attendance, and fixed their eyes in the same immovable fashion, the three thenceforward fulfilling the further function of giving a grunt of assent to every preposition which fell from the Royal lips. One, we were told, was Oham's immediate body servant, aaother a trusted messenger who eould be relied on at at any moment to cover sixty or seventy miles between sunrise and sunset, while the third was an "Induna," or sort of Privy Councillor in Waiting, who was periodically relieved by others of similar rank. Oham now said something in rather a higher key, and a shapely girl, wearing only a piece of dark-coloured diaphonoua cloth, very like thin bunting, knotted over the right shoulder, passing under the left arm, hanging to mid thigh, and of course open up the right side, crawled in to the feet of Oham, and listened to some order he gave, with every indication of the most profound submission and respect. She soon crawled into the euter air again, head first, however, showing that European prejudices against turning the leBs honourable per. tions of the person to Royal dignitaries does not exist among the Zulus. The nature of the Royal command soon became apparent, for the same girl returned in three or four minutes with a large gourd containing nearly a gallon of Kaffir beer. This favourite beverage is produced by a regular process of malting Kaffir corn or millet, which is then boiled with a certain proportion of raw grain and fermented. It is said to be intoxicating, but the specimen which Oham thought good enough for his visitors on this occasion was thick and sour, suggestive far more of stomach- ache than headache; and, after the Induna had fished out a fly, we were satisfied with pledging our Royal host in very modest mouthfuls, he being judicious enough to respond by a lengthened pull at the bottle of "square face." Having reached this comfortable and convivial stage of the proceedings, I induced Mr. Nunn to put a few questions, to some of which he answered free y, others he ignored, while a few Mr. Nunn thought for diplomatic reasons it was as well not to submit. What he did say in substance was this. The war, he thought would not be of long duration, and he did not think there was any fear of a fresh raid on tbe part of the Zulus just at present, for all the regiments, after the repulse at Kambula, had been obliged to return to their kraals in a starving condition, and it would require several weeks te muster them again. Oham went on to take credit to himself for always having listened to the words of wisdom that fell from such good white men as his friend Mr. Nunn, when they had been good enough to intervene in saving the lives of his people from his Royal decrees of Blaughter, and in making it clear to him that he must always be friendly to the English, who were numerous as the grass of the Veldt and could "eat him up' whenever they felt so inclined. Cetywayo, on the other hand, was a proud, headstrong man, who had always had the misfortune of being surrounded by white meB, who flattered his evil passions, and per. suaded him he would be the most powerful king tha had ever existed in Africa, and that he could eat up" the white men whenever he felt so disposed. It waa his nature to be treacherous, and no one could trust him. He was so haughty that when beaten he would never surrender alive. His army was now greatly broken up and demoralised, and it was not likely it would fight more than one great battle in the. open. If beaten, then the war would be over, for part of the Zulus would then surrender, and if Cetywayo was not killed, a few might remain loyal to him, and they would try to escape northward. Oham was disgusted at the delay which is now taking place in the progress of the war. "What are you waiting for?" he said; "you have plenty of men now to march right through Zululand if you only keep them together." He further expressed the opinion that there were men enough at first to have Bolved the question if they had been united, and marched right on to Udini directly the ultimatum was issued. Cetywayo, he said, never had any intention of aceepting the ultimatum, and only asked for delay that he might mobilise his forces. He fully con' firmed all that the greatest alarmist could say as to the danger to Natal and the Transvaal of Cetywayo's power, and he asserted that Cetywayo always had present to his mind undertaking a campaign, which was to eat up the white man and establish black supremacy in South Africa. While the Transvaal was independent he was labouring to get the assent of the English to wetting the spears" of his young men on the Boers but since the Transvaal and Natal had become, as he described it, one house," he was alwayB ruminating when and how he could best carry out his design. I tried to get Oham's opinion as to whether, in the event of Cetywayo being deposed and himself installed, he would be pre- pared to accept such conditions as would result in his people being trained up to the arts of peace in- stead of war. Mr. Nunn, however, thought it best not to put this question, as he did not know what the intention of the High Commis- sioner was with regard to Oham, and it might excite hopes in his mind that would never be realised. He had been in a great fright, he aald, while Cetywayo's impy was on foot at zilobane, because he expected its mission was a raid on Utrecht, for the purpose of making him a prisoner, when his brother would have put him to death without mercy, and possibly with a little refine- ment of torture. But when he heard of their attacking Colonel Wood and getting beaten, he knew he was quite safe, and he was quite willing to wait there, or any where else! to k.now what his English brotherslpro. posed to do WIth. him. As there was not much more to be got out of Oham, aDd as the scent in the hut was not of the nicest, we were not sorry to go through the process of grasping his fat paw a second time and scrambling out. The writer then describes the wives, family and retinue of the Zula prince and concludes his letter by saying :—At the outskirts of the kraal Mr. Nunn pointed out the eldest: son and heir of Oham—who has only five children altogether—a slight lad of eleven or twelve, in an old white felt hat and shirt. He was playing with a few other lads of his age, while a younger brother, envious of the hat, was making out of a piece of raw hide something in imitation, the result being a flap like an eyeshade, with which he marched about in a state of perftot self- complacency.
UNCONSCIOUS NIHILISM.
UNCONSCIOUS NIHILISM. Soon after the late attempt on the life of the Czar, the towns of Woronesch and Poltawa forwarded ad- dresses to the Emperor, in which appeared the follow- ing words:—" We are intensely grieved that the atrocious assassination of your Imperial Majesty has not taken place." To these addresses thousands of signatures were annexed. It now appears that the malicious hands of the Nihilists had been at work in the matter. The most intellectually gifted of the authorities of the two above-named towns had prepared the necessary documents, couched in the most servilely orthedox fashion, but had arranged for the inhabitants to append their names upon separate sheets of paper. By some means, hitherto undiscovered, the proper addresses were stolen, and in their places the revolutionary sentiments already men- tioned substituted. The unsuspecting authors, in complete ignorance of the change effected in their literary efforts, were no little surprised and alarmed when a telegram breathing fire and slaughter in reply to their expressions of loyalty and devotion was re- ceived by them from Livadia. They were at once put under arrest, and until the necessary explanations had been given, and the whole affair thoroughly sifted, were within an ace of making an involuntary journey to Siberia.
ELEPHANTS FOR AFRICA.
ELEPHANTS FOR AFRICA. Regarding the capture and utilisation of the African elephant in Africa as a means of transport, Dr. John Kirk, H.B M.'s Cougul-Generai, wrl'es to a friend in this country from Zanzibar (says the Globe), under date the 3rd inst. :— '1 I have to thank you for the book just come about elephants. You seem to think I do not approve or may not approve, of elephants being used. Quite the contrary. It is, in my opinion, a most promising ex- periment, and one I would take up until we knew the practical result. I would try the experiment fairly, and not give it up until convinced that it could not succeed, I hope, therefore, to see the elephants here soon. I think you forget that once I had an African elephant, now in India, that was quite tame. I am sure they can be caught and made use of. It only remains to know whether they will answer and pay, or whether the old way of transporting by porters is not, after all, cheaper. I have no other doubt. If elephants cannot be taught and tamed, I shall be much surprised. I am sure they can, but if the practical difficulty begins, then the real experiment comes only after, and the point to decide is, will they pay ? Not the first ex- periment, of course; but after the thing is in work- ing order. I think, with you, that the north of Nyassa offers a good field for catching them. I should try to secure them when in the water. Livingstone and I once caught a calf in this way, and we might then have secured a full-grown animal in the Shire. When we passed first the animals were always in the water. Another way would be where there is no wood for fences strong enough, to about the way used for hunting them in the centre of Africa, where I have seen it done in a clump of reeds a mile or two wide the herd, once in, were surrounded, and the grass set fire to. As the animals tried to break out they were driven back. At last they became so blind with grass smoke, and distracted by the bursting of the canes under the heat of the fire that they were easily killed. I believe they might thus be caught. The best men for such work would be the elephant hunters of Givongono (?). I have Been them at Senna, and met them out hunting between the Shire and Zambesi. They hunt on foot with small dogs, ham-stringing the elephants. They are brave fellows and nimble, and their knowledge, hitherto used only in killing the animals, might be of service in catching them."
THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA.
THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA. The statistics which give the details of American immigration have just been collected, and their publi- cation reveals some curious information. The dates. only go back about half a century, as previous to the year 1820 no record had been kept of the influx of strangers into the New World. Up to that time it was thought that about a quarter of a million of Euro- peans had crossed the Atlantic and settled in America, and the immigration from 1790 to 1810 was fixed at an annual average of about 6,000. The Euro- pean wars soon kept population at home, but in 1817 the American ports received 15,000 strangers. This was the largest total yet attained, and it went on increasing from year to year till 1831, when the number was 22,633; a figure more than doubled in the following year, when the breaking out of cholera in Europe supplied a powerful motive for change of domicile, As might be expected, the way once opened, the number of wayfarers steadily in- creased. In emigration especially the French pro- verb, "Ce n'est que Ie premier pas qui coflte," has application, But in the peopling of America one unforeseen event contributed more largely than anything else. The Irish Rebellion and the Irish famine sent across the Atlantic an entirely new class of persons, and the numbers were beyond previous experience. The emigrants in all ex. ceeded the joint populations of Dublin and Bel- fast, and the drain, once established, flowed con- tinuously. Soon afterwards a new chapter was com- menced in the history of American population. Hitherto English-speaking colonists had crossed over to a country where, amongst much that was novel, there was at least nothing foreign in language. But in 1854 whole troops of Germans settled in the new country. And with that nation, as with our own, the history of emigration formed an intel- ligible commentary on the hietory of home politics. A great impetus was given to the movement after the Franco-Prussian war, and in 1872 the figures show the hitherto unparalleled total of hall-a-million. Then there was a drop, and now once more, in 1879, the tide of settlers commences to now from the Old into the New World. To sum up the results of these statistics, we find that from 1789 to 1877 the number of immigrants was little short of ten mil- lions. Of these New York alone absorbed 70 percent., the others being distributed amongst Boston, Phila- delphia, and Baltimore. While the order in which the different European nations rank as colonists exhibits Germany at the head of the list, then Ireland, Eng- land, Scotland, and, after these, Sweden; France boasts that she comes very low in these tables of voluntary expatriation. She only sent 110,000 of her peasantry, as against 21: millions of Germans. In the first quarter of the present year there were 300 French emigrants, as against 3,000 German ones.—Globe,
LIFE-SAVING INVENTIONS.
LIFE-SAVING INVENTIONS. The constantly occurring disasters on rivers and seas point to the necessity of large and small vessels being provided with a ready means of saving life. Captain Warren, whose practical inventions in regard to cook- ing apparatus have been of great direct benefit for many years past, and who has stimulated invention in others in that direction, lately demonstrated at the St. George's swimming baths, Belgravia, that every person—man, woman, or child—can be secured from the dangers of drowning by an appliance the cost of which can be reckoned in pence, and which is so easy of carriage as to form the lining of a Turkish fez, a tall hat, a wide- awake or deerstalker, or any other kind of head cover- ing. The apparatus sufficient to save an adult's life on the water will weigh probably an ounce, and a young man, to show that a soldier crossing a stream need not doso in danger of such a calamity as that which recently befell our troops, crossed the bath again and again with a rifle in his hand, weighed down with his clothes, but fully and thoroughly supported. The life saver in this case was about the size of a sheep's bladder. The small apparatus is made of different material, in some cases of bladders, with a small and ingeniously contrived valve, about equal in weight to a halfpenny. The covering can be filled with wind in a moment by pressing the valve against the teeth and blowing through it, and the wind itself closes the valve There is no screw to be unfastened but it is all in readiness. Fitted as the lining of a hat, or fez, or helmet the valve can take the place of the ventilating hole ready to be filled in a moment. A person walk- ing on the Thames Embankment with a hat or cap thus fitted could in a moment throw to a drowning person what might prove to be a life raft. In a lady's reticule the valve would be inside, taking up not so much space as a cobnut, and the bladder or air-proof lining to which it is fitted could be as readily filled, light straps to the reticule or straps combined in the handles being all that would be requisite to float a woman on the water at a moment s notice. a For anglers, boatingmen, and canoeists the contrivance would be valuable, and all who travel by water to sea- side places can acquire the sense of security without having to encumber their luggage with bulky articles designed for the same purpose. Captain Warren has not confined his attention to these articles, which the public may provide for them- selves, but has designed buoys which can be so built in to the lower part of the mast or funnel of ordinary ships, or to the turret of a man-of-war, aa not to take away from the deck space, while the whole can be released in a moment, giving a large number of buoys, each capable of supporting two men. The buoys when built in would add only 9in. to the diameter of a mast or turret, and would give the means at once of supporting 350 men in the water. The necessity of attention to this matter is to be seen in the slight means presented on board ships for saving life. Thus, it is stated that our Indian troopships, carrying 1,300 people, have only 35 lifebelts.—The Times.
"TROOPING THE COLOURS."
"TROOPING THE COLOURS." The Daily News of Monday gives the following descrip- tion of the imposing ceremony of Trooping the Colour. on the Queen's Birthday :— The warm sunshine of the first day of summer added brilliancy to the picturesque martial ceremony of troop- ing the colours of the brigade of Guards on Saturday last. Observed on the Queen's Birthday wherever the Bag of England waves over camp or garrison, the trooping of the colours is also performed when new battle flags are presented, and the veterans, stained and faded with time and sun, wind and rain, riddled and rent by shot and shell till only a few tattered fragments cling to the staff, are laid reverently aside in some sacred edifice. Always interesting, the ceremony is invested with peculiar dignity when celebrated by the brigade of Guards before the eyes of several mem- bers of the Royal Family, on the famous parade ground in St. James's-park, on which the Queen in person distributed the medals for the last great Eure- pean war in which England was engaged. To captious critics it may seem that the act of making each individual soldier, as it were, personally ac- quainted with the flags he fights under is like mstny other popular doings, misnamed. Only one colour—the "Queen's colour"—ia "trooped," or carried in triumph through the ranks to the sound of martial music; and in the case of the brigade of Guards one "Queen's colour" serves on the Queen's Birthday for Grenadiers, Coldstreams. and Scots Guards, or at least for the representatives of those regiments stationed in London. Tha honour of sup- plying the solitary colour "trooped" devolves upon that regiment which by rotation supplies the Queen's guard of the day—on Saturday last the Scots Guards. The contingent of the brigade of Guards taking part in the ceremony was composed of thirty-two files of each of the following flank compasieaFirst and second battalions Scots Guards, the second battalion of the Coldstreams, and thu second and third batta- lions of the Grenadiers; the brigade being commanded by Colonel Fremantle, of the Coldstreams, The ground was kept by men detailed from each of the regiments present, and Mr. Superintendent Gernon and a large staff of police assisted in preserv- ing. order among the vast assemblage with which even the reserved portion of the parade- ground was occupied. Beyond the line kept by tbe sentries stretched an almost unbroken mass of people, forming a black ground, from which rose the tender greenery of the leafage, but newly put forth by the trees of the park, On the side of the Horse Guards every window, save those of the Duke's Levee Room reserved for the Royal Family, was occupied by gaily- dressed spectators, and no available spot in the public offices was untenanted—the day being obviously frankly accepted as a holiday to be made the most of. Until the clock struck ten Colonel Fremantle, Celonel Burnaby, commanding the Grenadier Guards; Colonel Moncrieffe, commanding the Scots Guards, and the other field officers had the great square almost to themselves, their men being drawn up within it on the lower or park side and the interest of the spec- tators was mainly centred on the dogs of the various regiments who had taken up their ground with the gravity befitting an occasion of ceremony. At last came a detachment of the 1st Life Guards, with their band, a magnificent apparition of gold and steel gleam- ing and flashing with almost painful lustre in the bright rays of the sun, and took up their position in the angle next the Foreign Office. At a few minutes past ten a few bars of the National Anthem, from the united bands of the three regiments of Guards, under the Messrs. Godfrey, proclaimed the arrival of the Princess of Wales, and every eye was turned towards the central window of the Horse Guards, at which her Royai Highness presently appeared, attired in a costume of the colour of the young foliage of a lime tree—a soft yellowish green—and a white bonnet. The Princess was accompanied by the young Princes Albert Victor and George, in their naval uniform, the Princess Victoria, and many of the junior members of the Royal Family. The Duchess of Edinburgh was next to arrive, and the two Princesses stood up at the back of the win- dow, discoursing with the members of their suite, while the children completely occupied the front line. Presently the busy questioning of the crowd as to the identity of the young occupant* of the great window was hushed as God Save the Queen was again played, and the troops came to the salute as the Prince of Wales, surrounded by a brilliant staff, rode on to the parade-ground. In kindly recognition of his old regiment, the Prince wore the uniform of the Grenadier Guards, with the sash over the ribbon of of the Garter. The Duke of Edinburgh wore his favourite uniform when in the saddle-that of the 2nd Surrey Artillery Volunteers. As colonel of the Grenadier Guards, the Dake of Cambridge, Field-Marshal Commanding-in-Chief, appeared in the uniform of his regiment, and the Duke of Teck wore that of the 1st Surrey Volunteers. Near the Prince of Walei rode the Crown Prince of Denmark and the Crown Prince of Sweden, and with the Royal party came Major-General Stephenson, C.B., commanding the Home District, and the Head- quarter Staff, including Sir Daniel Lysons, Sir Charles Ellice, K.C.B., and Sir Lintorn bimmons, K.C.B. Last, or nearly last, rode Sir Garnet Wolseley, out- wardly none the worse for his sojourn in Cyprus. The troops having formed in line, the work of inspec- tion went on, while the bands discoursed Lindpainter's "Triumphal March" and J. P. Clarke's "Royal Wedding March." The appearance of the men, who wore their new uniform, elicited very general commendation, their size and well "set-up" look recalling to old soldiers the splendid regiments sent to the Crimea nearly a quarter of a century ago. An escort company having been formed, and marched aeross the square to the tune of British Grenadiers," the youngest officer of the battalion, according to pre- cedent, took the colour and carried it through the lines to the air of the Grenadier's March," finishing on the right. The moment of reaching the right of the line is the most picturesque of the entire ceremony, as the whole brigade comes to the salute while the band plays God save the Queen On Saturday the scene was singularly effective. Im- mediately in front of the Horse Guards was the Staff, glittering with decorations; to the left the helmets and cuirasses of the Household Cavalry blazed "o'er the field intolerable day;" at the lower side the compact mass of red coats, their bayonets glittering in the sun; beyond a background of darkly-clothed spectators and a leafy screen of verdure; overhead a July sun. Next came the march past in slow and quick time. First came the Life Guards, and then separately, in quarter column, the three regiments of Guards, the Bmartness of their wheel in the narrow space at their command being much commended. As the regiments passed the Prince of Wales and the Field-Marshal Commanding- in-Chief they saluted, and the bands played the appro- priate airs to each regtment-such as the ever-welcome British Grenadiers and HighlandLaddie "—the pipers of the Scots Guards adding no little to the pictu- esquenessof the scene, The march-past over, the Guards formed in hollow equare, and gave a Royal salute, while God Save the Queen was played. According to the custom observed, it IS said by the command of her Majesty, the three olieers for the Queen which conclude the eeremony of trooping the colours at Aldershot and elsewhere, are omitted at St. James's, and the Royal salute consequently con- cluded the proceedings of Saturday, so far as the ma- jority of the brigade was concerned, All was not over, however, for the marching of the guard to St. James's Palace was witnessed by thousands of spectators lining the route through the park. The Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edin- burgh, and several members of the staff rode through a lane thickly hedged with people to Marlborough -House, and then came the guard with music playing into the courtyard of St. James's Palace. To the great delight of the crowd, so tightly wedged that any attempt at locomotion was futile, the Princesa of Wales, the Duchess of Edinburgh, and the Duchess of Teck, with the Royal children, appeared on the terrace of Marlborough House, to hear the combined bands of the Guards perform an excellent selection of music. The windows and terraces and even the roof of St. James's Palace, were covered with spec- tators, and the scene altogether was of the most pleasing description. Presently appeared the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh in mufti," to be greeted with a hearty cheer, repeated when the two Princes, with their wives and children, retired from the terrace just before the boom of the first of Bixty guns—proclaiming the age of the Queen—rolled over the park.
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The colour used on the above occasion waa the Queen's colour of the 2nd Battalion Scots Guards, which bears the legendLincelles," "Egypt" (emphasized by a representation of the Sphinx), "Talavera," "Barossa," "Peninsula," "Waterloo," "Alma," "Inkerman," "Sevastopol" The names are in themselves enough to account for the reverence paid to it in this military ceremonial; but it has long been the custom to show almost superstitious regard to the flag which symbolizes the history and glory of the regiment. A writer of the time of Henry VIII. (quoted in Grose's Military Antiquities) gives the philosophy and history of the practice as follows:— II yt hathe allwayes ben the custome of thys noble rsalme of England, that every cappetayne would rather dye in the flelde than to loose any ot these foresayde signet, as ttandartf, banner, pennon, or guydown token ot his armes of nobylitie, and alwayes and unto this day they have, in any battell where they have gone and proceeded, had the victory of and agalnste the generall flages of there enemyes, which ys not hyer than a man may holde a lyttle over hys head, and wavers nothinge in the winde, bat by force of his armel, and standarts, pennons and gwyaonnes waver in the wynde, and be sene fare of, and maketh enemyes afferde, and comlorteth the friende to followe them."
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The Queen s birthday was marked by even more than the usual expressions of loyalty. In London, all her Majesty s ministers gave banquets in honour of the occasion, and at night the West-end was brilliantly illuminated. Celebrations were also held in many provincial towns, as well as in the Colonies, and at the English embassies on the continent. At Balmoral the Crathie choir attended in tha morning, and sang a selection of music. Grand dinnerB were given at Paris, Berlin, Philippolis, &c. At Larnaca, and the chief towns of Cyprus, the event was celebrated with the greatest solemnity. The Te Deum was sung in the Greek churches, large numbers of persons being pre- sent. In the evening there were general illumina- tions.
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Montreal the celebration was one of great brilliancy, the rejoicings being favoured by fine weather. The city was profusely decorated, and the streets were thronged with people. The military parade was a great success. The Marquis and Marchioness of Lorne on arriving on the ground were enthusiastically greeted by a crowd of some 30 000 people assembled to witness the review, which', as well as the sham fight that followed, passed off with great eclat. The Marquis of Lome, in his speech at the close of the review, addressed the men of the Brooklyn Regiment who were present as brothers of one blood in nationality and religion, and as brothers in arms. The troops were entertained at a banquet in the evening.
CUTTINGS FROM AMERICAN PAPERS.
CUTTINGS FROM AMERICAN PAPERS. "What is love!" inquires a poet whose verses appear in the Philadelphia NortKAmerican. The Idea ef a poet not knowing what love it. Why don't he advertiae for information 1 Stranger," said he, I want to sell yer a horse "Stranger," was the reply, I don t want him. •• Stranser rejoined the wayfarer, "yer reely must buy him. Yer never see a better horse for the price." "What Is the price stranger ? asked the conteniplative man. «< A hundred and fifty dollars, and dirt oheap at that. The Inquirer meditated for a few moments, and then blandly remarked, Stranntr I'll give yer five." The equestrian dismounted, saying with earnestness, Stranger, 1 won t allow a hundred and forty- five dollars to stand between you and me and the trade. The horse Is yours." The scene was in Portland, characters,a rising young merchant and a pretty woman. He had an affection for her she a liking for him, »o they became betrothed. It did not come off, the parents objected- While his eyes were full of gathering tears, he bade hU faltering farewells, then closed the door upon his hopes A moment later he opened it, stepped back into the room, and with tears ln bis voice, brokenly murmured Ibopethu will make no difference about your comlng to °ur b°use of business and that your mother will continue to trade with us. i 8hall be hanoy to give the usual dlscoM^ Our stock is large and varied, our aim to please. And the door shut finally leaving him alone with his grief. A female help in Chicago with admirable canciour Informed ai ladytoat •bewaslooking for a place where there was an old coup^ with property, but without children, who would look upon me as a daughter." .v, VtP,0rtnerinirSewC(lenirn,ati ^uirer was sent to the hotel to Sherruan He 8ent hlg card, and tbe same time a young lady, attended by a footman, who was also in tne reception-room, sent un her card also mra^\hTc.errkUhriTith tW° cards from Generai S^er' t1 ih« footam Th. °?# t0 th« reporter and the other ^Dorter read the card that was S6" Give niy ove to y our K not forgotten old times. Hope the soJie wiU success ^t^ursUulyTs very soXe be ^preMnt^The 'vl EKS-Ki ■SftSKSM- be present." The re- porter has Just flnuhed reading, and realized the mlBtake away the carriage which contained the younl udv Just lady's^hand a^dVuVteredT^ IUde reply'dr^ped from the Wh«td« T « he Srouud Go to Jericho! teide the meatSjS,?4 ar?.y'lha Ohinese bill, the coolie t pf?T faes'ion, or any other question. Again I say, as I said ln the beginning, go there yourself 1
WORKMEN'S DWELLINGS.
WORKMEN'S DWELLINGS. On Saturday afternoon the Right Hon. R. A. Cross, M.P., tbe Home Secretary, laid the foundation stone of an additional block to the Beaconsfield-buildingi," which have been erected by the Victoria Dwellings Association, at Stroud-vale, near Eing's-cross, London. The ceremony was attended by a number of noblemen and ladies and gentlemen interested in the society's work, among whem may be mentioned the Earl and Countess of Stradbroke, Earl Stanhope, the Earl of Belmore, Lady Stella Rous, Mr. Walter, M.P., chair- man of the association; Colonel Bridgeman. Mr. H. W. Petre, Sir G. Elliot, M.P., Sir H. Hart, C.B., Mr. H. Praed, M.P., Mr. Ritchie, M.P., Mr. J. Clutton, Mr. H. R. Farrer, Mr. J. H. Lloyd, Mr. C. Lucas, Mr. T. Lucas, Mr. J. W. Eccles, Major-General Scott, C.B. hon. eec. the Rev. Canon Barry, and Mr, C. Barry, architect to the association. In furtherance of its object, which is the better housing of the labouring classes, not as a work of charity, but as a commercial speculation, calculated to yield a moderate return to investors, the association has already erected build- ings at Battersea and Stroud.vale to accommodate some 2,000 people, and the new block of which the foundation stone was laid on Saturday will re- ceive 950 more. One of the blocks at Battersea is for the accommodation of artisans; all the Cmiers have been designed for the labouring claøø, who are more especially the object of the society's care. In all of them great attention has been paid to the sanitary arrangements, and, as the rooms are let singly or in twos and threes, a man of small means can obtain at a most moderate rate just the amount of accommodation he may require for himself or his family. The whole neighbourhood of Stroud. vale seemed to make a fête on Saturday in honour of the occasion, the various approaches to the scene of the ceremony being gay with nags and crowded with spectators. The band of the Royal Caledonian Asylum and a choir of children from a neighbouring Board school were present. The proceedings were commenced by Mr. Walter, M. P., who, after a few preliminary remarks, spoke as follows :— Good Queen Bess in her time found London too large, and said that no one should add another house to it on pain of her severe displeasure. From Queen Elizabeth's point of view I have no doubt London was too large. It contained at that time 200,000 souls, and, with the exception of a few palaoes lining the Strand, it consisted probably of nothing but miserable lanes and filthy hovels, with no sanitary accommodation except cesspools, if, indeed, the sanitary reformer of that day had got so far in his ideas. But I need not say that the idea of stopping the growth of London was about as feasible as that of the famous Mrs. Partingten, who attempted to stop the flow of the tide with her mop. London has continued to grow from that time till the present, until at length it has reached a size which would have appeared absolutely incredible to the statesman and philanthropists of Queen Elizabeth's day, and which it is impossible even now to realize without the aid of some interesting comparisons. Manchester, Liverpool, and Glasgow contain each about half a million of people, but all three put together would not form the half of London. To make up the balance you would require to add Dublin, Edinburgh, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield, and a few other towns of smaller size. Well, now, in this enormous metropolis every family, I suppose, would desire, if it were possible, to possess a home 01 its own, and, if it were possible to go on extending London indefinitely, there would be no occasion for associations such as that I am representing to-day. But, as you all know, the requirements of business make it absolutely necessary that a large portion of the population should be housed as near as possible to their place of work, and in the absence of such blocks of buildings as you have before you there is no alter- native from miserable, crowded dwellings of which we have had so much experience, and of which so many still survive—tenements where sometimes even more than one family are lodged in the same room. In such a state of things it is hardly necessary to say that great unhealthiness must exist, and especially great mortality among the infant population. In spite of its enormous size, London as a whole is by far the healthiest city in the world. After some observations on the diminution of the rate of mortality by sanitary improvements, Mr. Walter introduced Mr. Cross as "the Minister of Civilization," as he felicitiously IItyled him, i.. Mr. Cross, who was received with great cheering, then stepped forward and said My lords, ladies, and gentlemen, and also, I must add, you working men,—I want to say a few words to three different classes of people. Fir&t, to you work- ing men. If-there is one thing upon which your happi. ness depends more than another it is your home, and in the matter of your home you are bound to con- sult your wife's happiness as well as your own. It is your first duty to provide your wife with a happy home, and if you do so you will tenfold reap the benefit yourselves. I want now to say a word to those who interest themselves in the work of this association, not so much for their own benefit as for the benefit of their fellow creatures. Under the Artisans and Labourers' Dwellings' Act it is easy to clear the ground of the hovels and dens in which, unfortunately, working men have been con. demned to live; but dwellings cannot be erected in their place without money. It is money which an association of this kind requires in order to carry out its useful operations but it does not want the money to be offered in charity. It proposes to pay a reason. able interest on commercial principles, and those who purchase its shares will not only confer a vast benefit upon their fellow creatures, but eventually benefit themselves. And now let me say a word te the general public. They must not be impatient of the results of such undertakings as these. The growth of the misery of London has been the growth of centuries, and can. not be undone in a day, or a year, or even in many years. I have been told that the Act which we passed in 1875 has not borne the fruits expected of it. I entirely deny that. A vast amount of money has been spent by the Metropolitan Board of Works and the City of London in clearing the ground of unwholesome habita- tions, and in place of these I hope within a very few years to find magnificent buildings erected by this and other similar associations. The providing of such dwellings must not be a work of charity. The houses must be let at such a rent as to afford a moderate but only a moderate, return to the share. holders. I hope the effect of this meeting will be to in- terest people still more in this association, and that every one wf the ladies and gentlemen now present will not only come forward themselves if they have not already done so, but endeavour to induce their friends to come forward and assist in this great work. You talk of drunkenness, idleness, dissipation, and vice. I believe there is nothing that will be half so efficacious in curng these evils as to put it in the power of working men to provide themselves and those in whese welfare they are interested with happy homes. For that reason I heartily wish this and aU similar undertakings god- speed," and I hope before I die to see a great change in the physical constitution of this metropolis, ^The'stone was then laid. On the conclusion of the oeremony, „ „ The Earl of Stradbroke briefly proposed, and Earl Stanhope seconded, a vote of thanks to Mr. Cross, which was briefly responded to, and the proceedings terminated.
SISTERS OF CHARITY.
SISTERS OF CHARITY. The Sisters of Charity now carrying on their work in France, but whose usefulness, if not their very existence, in that country seems to be seriously threatened under the present Government, amount in round numbers to the large total of 160,000; or, if we include also those associations which are not "authorised" by a formal permission of the Minister, to no less than 200,000. A good aooount of them is given in a book just published by M. de Lyder, to which the Gaulois accords a full tribute of praise. It appears that 70,000 of these devoted women are members of the "congregations esta- blished for the relief of distress, both bodily and mental. These congregations are 225 in number, and their object is not only to tend the eick, but to instil religious ideas into the minds of children and ignorant persons, and to give elementary mstruc- tion, as opportunity occurs, in other besides re- ligious subjects. Of the other sisters 90,000 are organised in "communities" of various sorts, aU authorised "by the State, and the number of these organisations is no less than 600. There are also a certain number of "congregations" whose duties are confined to the care of the sick, and whose members are always ready when summoned to go to the bed- side of an indigent patient. Of the unauthorised associations having a religious character there are about 200 in France, comprising in all some 40,000 sisters. Such is the army which has gradually grown up since 1640, when it is said that there were in the country only two "daughters ef Chanty." The amount of good done by these patient labourers is of course altogether incalculable, and the most bitter enemies of the Church hardly affect to believe that their work is attended with much harm. A far more difficult task would be that of estimating the cost required if the State were to do away with the associations and replace the sisters by paid nurses and teachera. It is evident, however, that it would be very great; and this matter of expense is one which will give some force to the arguments advanced by the "reactionary" papers against the Government.— Globe.
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS. A Parliamentary paper was issued on Saturday, giving returns of the accidents and casualties during the months of January, February, and March of the present year, as reported to the Board of Trade by the several railway com- panies in the United Kingdom. During that period the number of persons killed and injured on railways in the United Kingdom in in the course of psblic traffic were—killed 219, and injured 714. In addition various accidents occurred upon the railway premises, in which, however, the movement of vehicles used exclusively upon rail- ways was not concerned, and by these 11 persons were killed and 481 injured. Thus the total number of personal accidents during the three months resulted in 230 persons killed and 1.195 injured. These acci. dents are classed under various heads; 98 passengers and 28 railway servants were injured by accidents to trains, rolling stock, permanent way, &c.; 20 pas. sengers and 105 servants were killed and 114: pas- sengers and 433 servants were injured from other causes. Sixteen persons were killed and eight injured while passing over railways at level crossings; and the number of accidents to trespassers, including suicides, was 74 killed and 20 wounded. During the three months there were reported eight collisions between passenger trains or parts of pas. senger trains, by which 18 passengers and one servant were injured 230011isions between passenger trains and goods or mineral trains, engines, &c., by which 69 passengers and 13 servants were injured 10 colli- sions between goods trains or parts of goods trains, by which 12 servants wera injured 22 cases of pas- senger trains or parts of passenger trains leaving the rails, by which four passengers were injured; two cases of trains running into stations or slidings at too high a speed, by which five passengers were injured 327 failures of tires, one servant being injured 93 failures of axles, two passengers being Injured and 1,187 broken rails, one servant being injured. Of other casualties, in which no personal injury WM inflicted, there were two cases of goods trains or parts of goods trains, engines, &c., leaving the rails one case of a passenger train travelling in the wrong direction through points, twenty-three cases of trains running over cattle or other obstructions on the line, nineteen cases of trains running through gates at level cross- ings, three cases of failure of machinery, springs, &c., of engines eleven failures of wheels, four failures of couplings, one failure of a bridge, six slips in cuttings or embankments, and one other aocident. The return also contains the reports of the inspecting officers of the Railway Department to the Board of Trade upon certain accidents which were inquired into
THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL…
THE IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS. The Speaker of the House of Commons was engaged on Saturday in the agreeable task of opening an Industrial Exhibition, which bears abundant evidence of the useful purposes to which the spare hours of the toiling masses of the metropolis can he devoted. The Westminster Industrial Exhibition in Victoria-street. London, of which Prince Leopold is president, and which has the counte- nance and support of the Prime Minister and many distin- guished members of both branches of the Legislature, con- sists entirely of articles which are the result of the skill and inventive power of working men and women; the display upon the whole being alike highly creditable and eminently interesting. Prizes were offered by the promoters of the undertaking for the best objeots failing under six distinct eLasses—mechanical, artistic, general, fabrics, and fancy work, work done by children In elementary schools, and work done by young persons under eighteen, and not included in the fifth class. The exhibitors number close upon 1,800; and the exhibits between 4,000 and 5,000. Many of the articles shown are remarkably unique and attractive; and whilst they disclose originality of conception and dexterity of execution, they afforded ample testimony, if testimony were needed, to the fact that the British workman can still hold his own. The proceedings of Saturday commenced at three o'clock, when the Speaker was conducted to a platform in the eentre of the building. The right hon. gentleman was accom- panied by lord Hatherley, Lord Reay, the Chaneellor of the Exchequer, Sir Henry James, M.P., Sir Charles Forest, M.P., Mr. W. H. Smith, M.P., Dr. I#on Playfalr, M.P., Mr. J. G. Talbot, M.P., Mr. Palmer, M.P, Dean Stanley, and Caaon Farrar. The Dean of Westmtnster having offered up prayer, the audience, which tlHed the building, sang the Old Hundredth Psalm. The Speaker, whowasreceived with cordial applause, then said—It will be in the recollection of most of those whom I have now the honour of addressing that last February the working men of Westminster, swsembled in public meeting, resolved to hold an exhibition, open to the working classes of all London, in which their handiwork might be displayed. They were encouraged in this resolve by the success which had attended an exhibition of a more limited charac- ter than the present; and the result is what we now see before us. (Applause.) The promoters of this under- taking still adhere to their determination that the exhi- bition shall be self-supporting, and I have good reason to hope that their expectations in that respect will be fully realised. (Applause). Lendon is by far the largest city in the world, and not only so, but it takes the lead of aU other cities in population and in wealth. Let us trust that it is second to none in the order and in the industry of its inhabitants. (Applause.) It is with the industry of the metropolis that we have got this day to do. In this vast city there are men engaged in different branches of industry who may be counted by hundreds of thousands, and surely it is only right that there should be a common centre to which the works of these toiling sens of labour may be brought — a centre in which ene work may be compared with another, and a centre in which tokens of merit may be awarded to the most deserving. (Applause.) Such I may say is the object of this institution. We make no preten- sions to showy decorations or to costly architecture, but we trust that the humble and modest building which you see before you will answer the purpose we have in view, and that is to bring together objects ef interest which are the result of the efforts of the working classes, and which will here meet with healthy competition. It is peculiar to exhibitions of this character that the articles shown are, generally speaking, the work of a single hand and it is right that single-handed labour should reoeive special encouragement. (Applause.) In this age of material progress, the common form of labour is labour in com- bination. If I am to explain what I mean, perhaps the best thing I can do is to give you a very familiar illus- tration. We all read the daily journals, and if you re- flect for a moment you will find that the persons engaged in producing the newspapers almost constitute a whole army. You have the papermakers, the compositors, the printers, the reporters, and those eminent gentle* men in literature who supply the leading articles. You have the special correspondents "—a creation of the present day—who paint for us scenes in all parts of the world, some of them real, some of them per- haps rather imaginary. (Laughter.) You have, besides, the Post-office and the telegraph bringing in their contributions of intelligence; you have the public by hundreds advertising their wants and after all has been done, and all these efforts carried out, the result is the production of a daily sheet containing an im- mense amount of information, and all for a penny— sometimes, indeed, for less. (Applause.) Labour, in combination such as this, assisted by capital, is represented in the great national exhibitions which are a feature of the present age, and which have done infinite good in elevating the public taste. Our mission is to take by the hand the workman who is struggling to make his way in the world, and to give him encouragement by inviting him here, and, if he deserves it, by rewarding him with some token of merit. (Applause.) Oar present meet- ing is held upon a very auspicious occasion. At this moment the Prince of Wales is opening, free of toll, five bridges upon the Thames and in this, as in other matters, his Royal Highness is "the right man in the right place." (Applause.) Every river is more or less a barrier ot separation between the inhabitants living on each bank; but we in London have done away with that separation by the constriction of several noble bridges, and I am happy to btffkble to say that from this time henceforth, from London-bridge up to Battersea, those bridges will be free. (Applause.) After a few further observations, the right hon. gentleman declared the exhibition open, The National Anthem having been rang, the Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, who was very heartily greeted, proposed a resolution of thanks to the pro- moters of the Exhibition. In the course of his re- marks, the right hon. gentleman said :— No object can be more important to the welfare of England than to promote a sound and healthy feeling amongst her working classes. In this country we have had many advantages. We have held our own amongst the nations of the earth—in manufactures, in commerce, and in all arts of peace; and we know it has been commonly said that we have advantages in our wealth, in the raw materials of industry, and in the skill and energy with which our capitalists make use of those advantages, such as are possessed by but few countries. Some of the advantages which we possessed are, however, no longer ours exclusively. In many respects we find that other nations are ap- proaching us closely; but there ia one advantage which we can retain, if we are in earnest about it, and that is thead vantage which is derived from the character and the energy of eur working population. (Applause.) There is nothing more important than to encourage amongst our working people a proper sense of the dignity and the worth of human labour. (Applause.) Unless men are proud of the work whieh they are doing, and unless they feel an interest in it, they will not do it well. (Applause.) There are two feelings which ought to be evoked in the mind of every British working man—one the feeling which it is said ought to animate every soldier in conflict, that he is carry- ing on his own part in the battle as if the success of the day depended upon himself individually, and the other feeling is that he is one of a great body, and that his labour ought to be directed not to merely selfish ends or personal distinction, but to the Buocess of the whole cause. (Applause.) In such exhibitions as the present we are doing what we oan to promote both those feelings. We are doing what we can to main- tain the character of English work by an appeal to the proper pride of the English workman, who desires to chow good work when he shews any at all. (Hear, hear.) One great advantage which English work has had in the markets of the world is that it has been be- lieved and found to be good of its kind. (Hear.) We know very well that in the sharp competition be- tween great industries there must be a severe struggle for cheapness of productions, and that cheapness is is but too apt to lead to an inferiority of work. (Hear.) The antidote to that is to make every British work- man proud of his work, and to inspire him with the determination that, whatever he torn out, shall be turned out in good order. (Hear, hear). London, above all cities, ia the one in which such an exhibition as the present may most properly be held. You, Londoners, have great advantages of one kind and another. Think for a moment of the advantages which are enjoyed in this city in the shape of fine art galleries, industrial exhibitions, wealth, and other ways, as compared with those which are possessed in otker parts of the country; and then think of the return which we ought to render. (Hear, hear.) There is one other observation I should wish to make. In the preparation of such works as we see before us spare time has been usefully, and I hope pleasantly employed—time which might otherwise have been wasted, or worse than wasted. I believe there is no more important secret in this world than that of learn- in.; how to make good use of spare hours or minutes. (Hear, hear.) There is an old story of a Frenchman who wrote a learned book, who dedicated it to his wife, and who justified that dedication by saying, Madam, I dedicate this book to you; because the world is indebted to you for it. I wrote it during the various quarters of an hour that you kept me waiting for the carriage." (Laughter ) Very often there are quarters of an hour in which men and women seem not to know what to do, and which are wasted when they might be use- fully occupied; but I am quite sure, when I look upon the articles which are here displayed, that there are many who have found out how pleasantly and profit- able to fill up their spare time (hear, hear). Let me say one word by way of caution. Do not let your amusement become your master. Though it is excel- lent, in your spare time, to employ yourselves upon the production of Buch works as are contained in this exhibition, do not allow your interest in those works to take you away from your proper business. want a combination of the two great tactors__ a d881re to do your work properly in the position wn Jfma are placed, and a desire to employ 7 honourably and creditably when free from that work H Smith M.P., in seconding the Chancellor's ReVoli exp»«ed his iptate that the individuality which renders work good and serviceable Bhould be made known and appreciated. Dr Lyon PIayfair, M.F., moved the second resolu- tion-" That this meeting, believing that industrial exhibitions can be of great importance to the working classes of England, pledges itself to promote as far as possible the success of the present exhibition. The resolution, he rem^ked, implied the belief of the audience in the beneficent character of industrial exhi- bitions generally. The purpose of the present under- taking was* to enable artisans and working men and women to display whatever excellence in production or in inventiveness they might have elicited among them- selves without the aid of the capitalist or great manu- facturer. Such an exhibition tended to dig deep down among the people, and would always turn up virgin Boil of interest, and occasionally unex- pected ore of great value (applause). If it set men to think upon what they were doing, and to compare their ideas with those of other men, an important result might be achieved out of humble means, Great discoveries in religion, in philosophy, in literature, in science, and in industrial invention generally came from outsiders-that was, from men who introduced fresh thought upon a particular subject. Nobles and princes, and the great ones of the earth were very rarely discoverers, and added little to the intellectual stores of mankind (applause.) It was from the people that these generally came. Peter was a fisherman; Paul, a tent maker; Plato, a merchant; Socrates, a sculptor; Aristotle, a druggist; Shakespeare, a butcher; Spinoza, a grinder of lenses. So was it generally in science. Archimedes, Cavendish, and Boyle certainly belonged to the aristocracy; but Davy and Dalton were druggists Farad ay, a book- binder Brewster. a teacher of writ i l i ;Wheatstone, a maker of musical instruments ;'andal Ithese illuminated science, altogether outside their avocations, by bring- ing the light of a clear intelligence to bear upon the subjects with which they dealt. So was it in the in- dustrial arts. Stephenson, who founded railways, was a collier; Arkwright was a barber; Cartwright, of the power loom, was a parson Armstrong was a lawyer; and Bell, the inventor of the telephone, a teacher of deaf mutes. Men who were in grooves in any industry liked to run in them but the clear in- tlelligence of an outsider often saw how much better the machine would go if it were lifted out of the ruts which it had worn by long use. Such an intelligence raised a man above himself; and enabled him to take a large survey of things. In quaint language- II unless a man he can Above himself erect himself How little worth is man (Applause.) Such exhibitions as the present always created new intelligence, new interests, and new am- bitions to be useful. They freshened and aerated the blood which was circulating in the veins of industry (applause); and constituted one method, but still only one method, of educating the working classes. He had always held that the technical education of work- ing men and women ought to have been made a comple- ment of the free trade policy of the nation. (Hear, hear.) When we agreed to open up our pot ta to the manufactures of all nations, we ought, at the same time, to have equipped our working men with that education which was necessary to increase their productive capacity, and enable them to meet the competition of the world. (Applause.) We invited the rest of the world to compete with us in a great industrial race, and the race was often like that of Ulysses and Ajax. Ulysses before the race prayed to Minerva to endow him with wisdom, and Ajax relied on his mere physical strength. What chance was there in such a contest? Ajax, in his trust on brute force, soon fell. and was left grovel- ling in the offal of the lowing kine, while the wise Ulysses won the race. Mere manual dexterity without a skilled intelligence was of little use in a severe indus- trial competition. (Applause.) =====
RUSSIA'S COSTS IN THE LATE…
RUSSIA'S COSTS IN THE LATE WAR. According to the latest published official returns, quoted by a German military paper, the total expense incurred by Russia, from the 13th of September, 1876, to the 13th of January, 1879, in prosecuting the late war against Turkey, amounted to 902,000,000 roubles. Of this sum 704000,000 roubles were spent for general, 87,000,000 roubles for artillery, and 33,000,000 roubles for engineer purposes. The average monthly war expenditure consequently amounted to 32,000,000 roubles and the average daily expenditure to 1,057,000 roubles. In reality, however, the monthly expenditure varied greatly at different periods of the war, falling as low as 4,888,000 roubles in March, 1877, and rising, on the other hand, to 83,000,000 roubles in December of the same year. The extraordinarily high expenditure during the last-named month was caused partly by the prevision of three months' supplies in anticipation of a winter campaign, partly by the construction of the Bender-Galatz mili- tary railway, and partly by by the mobilization of fresh bodies of troops. As soon as a portion of the Russian field army returned home the expenses naturally began to diminish rapidly, amounting in November, 1878, to 9,000,000, and in December, 1878, to 5,000,000 roubles only.
THE EDUCATION SOCIETY.
THE EDUCATION SOCIETY. In London, on Monday evening, a general meeting of the afcove society, the objects of which are defined as to exa- mine, systemize, and propound definite and veritable prin- ciples upon which the practice of education should be bated," was held at the Memorial-hall, Tarringdon-street, to hear an address from the president, Dr. Alexander Bain, Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen. The chair was first taken by the Rev. Barham Zincke, chaplain in ordinary to the Queen, and vicar of Wheratead, who stated that letters had been re- ceived in support of the objects of the Society for the Development of the Science of Education from Pro- fessors *Tyndall and Huxley, Sir C. Reed, Sir J. Lubbock, M.P., the Rev. Brooke Lambert, and others. The chairman then proceeded to induct Dr. Bain into the president's chair, remarking that Scotland, which had given a president to the Society, had for centuries been distinguished as a country which had devoted the greatest attention to educational questions, and that the Scotch Universities had set an example by esta- blishing professors' chairs for the art, science, and his- tory of education, The new president, who was received with cheers, then read a paper on Education as a Science." He commenced by acknowledging the solid compliment paid to him by the Boclety in taking his new work on this subject for a series of connected discussions, and he regarded this fact as favourable, tor he thus secured a hearing, if not a following. He then proceeded to review the many sciences associated with educational work, in forming what he termed educational science. He dwelt upon the high functions of the teacher- the constant experiments being daily carried on by him or her in the education of the young, and the great progress shown from tiipe to time in education. He urged the necessity of method in the carrying out of these experiments, in the classification of the pupils, and in a registration of the circum- stances relating to each. He also urged that thq teachers themselves should be highly instructed, and pointed out that some important points of culture were neglected by the teasher, who to this extent lost power over the pupils. He acknowledged the difficulties created by sectarianism in education, and concluded by saying that there was now as much material for the formation of a science of education as there would be fifty years hence. To wait for the subsidence of sectarianism would be to place them- selves in the position of Horace's rustic, who waited on the bank for the river to run dry.
THE ROYAL EFFIGY.
THE ROYAL EFFIGY. Under the above heading, "J. O. C." writes to The Timet Sir,—Now that Her Gracious Majesty the Queen has attained k the age ol three score and is a great- grandmother,'has not the time arrived when the ob- verse of our coinage should be rectified and made truthf ul For the past quarter of a century its numismato- historic value has been slight, and constantly diminish- ing, and the absurdity of continuing further into a reign which even now has extended over ferty-two years the image of a young lady of eighteen is not the only or, indeed, the chief element of the mischief. It can scarcely be that the imaginary representation is persisted in by desire of the august personage her. self, for the Royal portrait is frequently photographed and widely distributed. I write only in the interest of truthful record in making history, coins being among the most enduring of human monuments.
THE MARKETS.
THE MARKETS. MARK-LANE.—MONDAY. At Mark-lane not much business was doing. The attend- ance of millers was thin, and they were not willing operators. English wheat came sparingly to hand. The amount of business transacted was only moderate. Fine samples were, however, well held, and were as dear as on Monday last In foreign wheat dealings were not extensive. The level of prices was about the same as last week, with some show of firmness as regards fine samples. Supplies are about the average. The barley trade, though quiet, was tolerably steady, with diminished quantities offering. Malt was firm, but not active. Oats met a quiet sale, at prices slightly higher than on Monday last. Maize was quiet, and without change. Beans were firm, but peas weak. The flour market was quiet. English produce firm inferior foreign flat. METROPOLITAN CATTLE MARKET.—MONDAY. Although quiet the cattle trade was tolerably firm, the tendency of prices being again* the buyer. From our own dittrtcts the recelps of beasts-were not so numerous, nor were the quality and condition specially satisfactory. The demand throughout was slow, but the market was neverthe- less undoubtedly a dear one so far as relates to choice stook. The best Scots and crosses made lil. 2d. to 6s. 4d. per Bib. Interior specimens went, however, at irregular currencies. From Norfolk and Suffolk we received about 1,200; from the Midland and home countries about 600 and from Scot- land, 200 head. On the foreign side of the market there was a more liberal show of beasts. About 440 Canadians were offered, besides some Danish, Spanish, and Swedleb. The trade was quiet but steady, and full prices were obtained for choice qualities. The sheep pens were rather sparingly filled, still, the trade was dull, but at le8 for prime stock. The best Downs and hal^b^s m^ to 6s. 21. per Sib. Lambs were steady at late rates. Calves were auiet Pigs sold at previous quotations. At Dept ford there were about 370 beasts andS.MO sheep^and lambs- Beasts 4s. to 4s 6d. seoond quality, 4s. 6d. to 4s lOd nrlmA lftrffe oxen 4s lOd. to 6s.; prime Scots, 6s. to 6s. 4d. Prji?iorYheed 4s' to 6s. second quality, 6s. to 5s. lOd.; interior sheep, 1Qd to 6l prime Southdowns, Ju *10 fij 2d • large' coarse calves, 6s. 6d. to 6s. prime ■mall ditto 6s 'to6? 6d. large hogs, Ss. 8d. to 4s. s&all porkers. 4s! 2d. to 4s. lOd. lambs, 7«. to 8s. per 8lb. to sink the offal. METROPOLITAN MEAT MARKET.-MONDAY. There was only a moderate supply of meat, and under the Influence of comparatively ceol weather trade was pretty brisk for the better qualities. Inferior beef, aa. to 3s. 8d.; middling ditto, 3i. 10d. to 4s. 2d. prime large ditto, 41. 2d. to 4s. 61.; prime Scotch, 4s. 4d. to 4s. 8d.; veal, 6s. to 6s. 8d. inferior mutton, Be. 4d. to to. 4d. middling ditto, 4s. 6d. to 6s. 4d. prime ditto, 5s. 6d. to 0s. 4d. large pork. 3J. 8d. to 4s. 44. small ditto, 4s. 4d. to be. and lamb, 7s, 4d. to so. per 81b. by the carcass. POTATO. There have been full suppHes, especially as regards foreign potatoes, and trade has been rather heavy Kent regents, 120s.: Essex ditto, 85s. to iloo. Scotch ditto, 90s. to 12Os. champions, 95i. to 106.. Victorias, 120s. to 160s.; flukes. 140s. to 170s.; German reds, 90s. to 115s. Belgian kidney, 95s. to 100s. per ton. HOP. The market presents a moderately ftrm appearance. The unpropitious weather and the backward state of the vine arf having its effect, exciting more disposition to buy, and at the same time increasing the disinclination to sell at the prevail- ing low prices. No very material change can be reported In the a&ence of settled weather. A i B7«° pTi rvf the market may be reasonably expected. Kent, 1878, fcl 10s. to £ 5 16s. Sussex, £ 1 10s. to £ S10s.: £ 3 10B. to £ 6 10s. Worcester, £ 4 4«. to £ 5 12s., Belgian, £ 2 to A! 16s. American, jC2 10s. to Zi per cwt. GAME AND POULTRY. Due Wings, 6s. to 8s.; ducks to 6s. goslings, 7s. 61. to lis. • capons, 8s. to i2a. pullets. 4s. 6d. to 6s 6d. chicken*, o- to ss. 9d. live hens, 2s. to 3. p geins, 9d. to le. 2d Bordeaux ditto, 1» 64. to 2s. 3d.; oouies, 9d. to Is. 4d. C rabbits, is. 61 to 3s.; leverets, 3s. to 8s. Cd.; and ptarmigan, lB. to 11. 4d. each. FISH. Fresh herrings, 4s. to 6s. 9d. roused ditto, 6s. to 71. red ditto 8s. to 4s bloater ditto, 8». to 12s. pickled ditto, 6s. 6d. to 7s. 6d kipper ditco, 7s. 6d. to 13s. per hundred crimped salmon, Is. lid. to 2s. 64. per lb.; crimped cod, 8s. 9a. to 17s. 6d. each lobsters, 12s. 6d. to 40s.; crabs, 6s 6d. to 82s. 6d.; mackerel, 2s. to 8s.; mullet, 8s. to 5s. l et doseu