The Cambrian

1- -— CHESS COLUMN- lEDITED BY SELAH.] All communications for this department should be addressed to the Chess Editor. CHESS RESORT. SWANSEA COUNTY CHESS CLUB TE"^ Hotel, Walter-road. Meets on Saturdays trom 7.30 to 11 p.m. Visitors are welcomed. SOLUTION TO PROBLEM (by Mackenzie).-Key move Q to B 8. PnnV\ SOLUTION TO PROBLEM (by E. B. Cook). Key •move, R- R3. PROBLEM.-By J. POSPISIL. BLACK (5 pieces). WHITE—(8 pieces.; White mates in two moves. Solutions are requested, and Pro s will receive our best attention, with early publication if found worthy. One of the eight blindfold games played by Mr. Blackburne at the City of London Chess Club on Saturday, 15th inst., on the occasion of the opening of their new premises ° KING'S GAMBIT. White. Black. Mr. Blackburne. Mr. Mackie. 1 p-K 4 P-K 4 2 P- K B 4 P x P 3 K Kt-B 3 P-Q 3 4 P-Q 4 B-Kt 5 (A) 5 B x P (B) Kt-Q 2 (c) 6 B-Q B 4 Q-K 2 7 Castles Castles 8 Kt-B 3 (D) P-K B 3 (E) 9 Q-Q 3 Kt-Kt 3 (F) 10 P-QR4(G) P-Q R 4 (H) 11 Kt-Q5 KtxKt 12 P x Kt B-Q 2 (1) 13 Q-B 3 (K) P-Q Kt 3 14 P-Q Kt 4 p x P (L) 15 Q x P (M) P-K Kt 4 (N) 16 B-Q 2 (o) Kt-R 3 (P) 17 B-R 6 ch (Q) K-Kt sq 18 P-R 5 K-R 2 (R) 19 P x P ch P x P 20 B-B 8 ch (s) K- Kt sq 21 Q x P ch K x B (T) 22 R—R 8 mate (u) NOTES. (A) Novel, but not so good as the usual defence, P-K Kt 4. (B) This proves the weakness of the previous move. (c) Hampering the Queen's movements, but with the object of castling subsequently on the Queen's side. (D) Gathering the forces to attack the enemy on his weak side. (E) Prevention is better than cure. Intended prevent the K's Kt coming forward. (F) Protecting his weak side. Still gathering his forces. (h) Better to have taken the B and then P— A TJ 3 (i) Bound to come back to aid in staving off the ^^Threatening P, which must now be pro- tected but, unfortunately, at the expense of deserting the King. (L) Opening the way, unavoidably, for the enemy's R. (M) Still bearing on the weak point of the Black. (N) No good-too late. (o) Just as well to take care of him, although he could do without him. (P) Must do something. (*}) The beginning of his disasters. (**■) Deliberately walking into the lion's month, tut there is no help for it. (s) Oh that troublesome R, what a relief it would have been to have taken that B with B. (T) Brave to the last. (u) Doubtless this was foreseen long ago. INTERNATIONAL TOURNEY.—The meeting for he discussion of this matter was held as adver- tised. fit the British Cli;s.s Club on Friday last, Sir George Newnes in the chair. About 20 clubs and associations were represented, some of the dele- Kates travelling 200 miles to be present. It was ultimately decided that a two-round Masters' Tournament be held, with a minor tournament consisting of the best remaining players. The Editor would here repeat his notice of last week that in order to encourage the young people (male and female) of the town to take up chess, it is his intention, at an early date, to start some very simple chess lessons in this column. These lessons are intended for those only who have no knowledge whatever of the game, and he hopes to make these so clear that the learners may be able to play and enjoy hoot. When opening the City of London Chess Club's new premises on the 15th inst" Sir vi Newnes, the president, said: He thorùubly believed that the pursuit of the game was of great benefit to its votaries-that it sharpened the wits and strengthened the reasoning powers, and engendered a habit of calculation and fore- thought which must prove of great value either in business or professional pursuits, or even on the field of battle." 1 he,.e are the words of one of the most successful business men of the pre- sent century, and doubtless the qualities here mentioned have been fostered and utilised to no little extent in the attainment of his present position. He is acknowledged to be the best chess player in the House of Common. Next week we hope to say a word about the South Wales Chess Association, and also by that time to fix the date of the forthcoming friendly snatch between the Lianelly Club and the Swan- sea Club at the Tenby Hotel. It will probably be to-morrow (Saturday) week, and the Swansea members are again requested to practise for the occasion Visitors are invited to witness the match. >.o charge for admission. SWANSEA COUNTY CHESS CLOB.—The usual weekiy meeting of this dab was held at the Tenby HoteJ on^Saturday last, when the follow- ing members were unavoidably absent :-The President two ice-Presidents and twelve other members, besides at least fifty others who in a large town like Swansea ought to be members. Owing to the una void ob.e absence of KO many members of the committee the proposals of two gentlemen who presented themselves for admis- sion to membership were reluctantly postponed. ATnmmittee meeting is convened for to-morrow f q ^0 to complete arrangements for the abovi Lianelly v. Swansea match and other matters.

NO MORE MEDICINE. PENSE FOR INVALIDS AND CJiU-JJKJiJN. PERFECT DIGESTION ^"du' toouND SLEEP, AND Hbalth ke ARABICA, BARRY s DELICious stomach and ■which cures all disorders ol tne r;vpr Bowels, the Blood, the Nerves, Lung*, ^»er Bladder, Brain, Voice, and Breath » Constipation, Dyspepsia, Indigestio » sumption, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Injue uza, §rippe, Acidity, Heartburn, Phlegm, Flatu Feverish Breath, Nervous, Bilious, ;Jan^tilar,Kidney and Liver Complaint?, Debixi y, Cough, Asthma; Scarlet, Gastric, Enteric, Biliousi, and Yellow Fevers, Spasms, Nephritis, Impurities and Poverty of the Blood, Ague; Rheumatism^ Gout; Nausea and Vomiting after Jia ln?> uring Pregnancy, and at Sea Eruptions, |le? AtS' Nofses in the Head and in the ?ffr"rs' inva^ ^a8tin§f in Adults and children, 0 n the mos+ u access with old and young. even inoludTnff t £ °Peless cases. 100,000 annual curf', tE»te H.I.M. the late Emperor Nicholas otRussaa M H M stanlp/ the Africai 'Decie^archioness of Brehan, Lord Stuart aije«&c. West Bank, Bolton. i00 weak trf av^ng left mv di- P^of °nv kind sufficient toafcilate ordinary food oi an> t:on to Dn "R p me alive, I owe my Pre:f n ^hich I subsist^! Food and Tonic Biscuit^; afition lfor mollths, recovering a fe to the astonish™ mach- and strength an' ,mf T/iser. and friend'^ of self, my medica c Dygpep8i TV OOD.. 1" t jjaVe prescribed nu £ blllty, after enteric te\ er, sg when everything**?'8 Food with marked MoERIS, M.B. and was rejected. 1- p„ntVpridd." After Tylor's Town near Ponty%gtric eoffiplain^ffer- mg for a long tim j oould digest nothing dyspepsia, so severe^ ,gKevaieiita, which has 1 decided to try Du £ >» J months.—ALPHED completely cured me u Temple, Paris." Four BERSON, 27, tv,an meat, and assimilating times more nourishing j lt saves 50 times when all other food is re^ succesgfai]y its cost in medicine. A jjs—jn ^ns at 2s. the most delicate child' • I21bs., 32s.; or 3S. 6d.; 21 bs., 6s.; BLB.S{'0 DU'PARRY'S TONIC about 2d. per meal. Ai >TerVour, Debility KEVALKNTA BISCUITS rem 6g_ A11 -and sleeplessness: in • p.o.O. Du tins carriage free °n' rev *77 Recent Street, BARRY & Co. (Limited), • rJvrcers an<t iIsaac Gale, 18, High-street.

DRAUGHTS. EDITED BT MAHNINGHAM. In friendlv contention the old men Laughed at each lucky hit or unsu"f Laughed when a man was crowned, or a breach was made iu the Kingrow.' —Loii'jfeduu:, Evangeline. made in the King -ro-Loityfe,'Iow, Evangeline. TO CORBESPOXDEXT3. All correspondence intended for this column should be forwarded not later than Tuesday evenings, so as to insure insertion in the same week's issue. Secretaries of clubs are cordially invited to send us reports of matches and meetings, or any other matter of interest to players generally II G. T (Swansea).—Congratulations on your first attempt. We shall in all probability accept your "iter. W. BEER (Swansea).—We trust we shall be favoured with a continuance of your communications. ¡ SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 147. Black Men on 3, 4, 11, 12 and 27. King 26. White Men on 18, 19, 20, 23 and 32. King 2. White to move and win. 19 16 23 7 32 23 2 7 7 14 (1) 12 19 3 10 26 19 19 23 White wins. (1) 26 19 3 10 12 19 16 7 32 16 2 7 White wins. SOLUTION TO PROBLEM 148. Black Men on 2 and 9. Kings 15 and 24. White Men on 10, 22, 23 and 25. 11 King 12. White to move and win. 10 7 23 19 12 8 22 18 8 13 2 11 15 10 24 15 15 29 White wins. Solutions received from H.G.T., W B., C.H. and M.E.T., Swansea. PROBLEM 151.-By Mr. G. WHITNEY, Northamp- BLACK. [ton. #, WHITE. Black Men on 6. 7 and 8. King 27. White Men on 14, 15,16 and 28. White to move and win. PROBLEM 152.—By Mr. E. MORIARTY, London. BLACK. WHITE. Black Men on 1, 5, 6, 9. 11, 12. 14, 15,16 and 19. White Men on 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28 and 32. Black to move, and win. GAME 77.—" WHILTER." Played between Mr. Blattie, of Liverpool, and Mr. Woolhonse, of London. Woolhousa's move. 11 15 21 17 5 9 19 10 10 15 24 15 23 19 9 14 24 20 6 15 31 26 7 11 1 *7 11 17 13 15 24 13 6 14 18 16 7 22 18 4 8 28 19 1 10 26 22 319 f 15 22 29 25 11 15 30 25 19 23 17 13 < 25 18 2 7 32 28 15 19 27 24 26 30 11 15 26 23 15 24 23 16 23 26 Black wins. ( 18 11 8 11 28 19 12 19 22 17 8 15 25 21 10 15 20 16 15 19 Clubs anxiou? to try conclusions with the St. Jude'? combination should communicate with Mr. E. J. Joslyn, Mount Pleasant, who will be pleased to arrange fixtures. Entries for the Swansea Y.M.C.A. sealed handicap tourney will be received up to the 12th November. The hon. secretary informs ns that any of our local players may, on joining tbe institution prior to the above-named date, take part in the competition for the gold medal. The first annual meeting of the Manselton Draughts Club was held on Tuesday, and tbe following officers were elected for the coming season :—Captain, Mr. H. Nicholson vice- captain, Mr. W. Daniels; treasurer, Mr. Clark hon. secretary, Mr. A. Meyrick, 134, Robert- street, Manselton. It is with no inconsiderable amount of regret that we have to chronicle the death of Mr. G. Dargavel, ex-captain of Christ Church Draughts Club. His ability as a player and his exceed- ingly genial caaracter had won him many friends, who will, in conjunction with ourselves, mourn his loss.

RHODES AND KIPUNG. G. It was recently said of Mr. Rudyard Kipling in the columns of one of our great literary magazines, that it is merely his due to attribute £ him the chief share among men 0f letters in that revival of the imperial sentiment, both in these islands and m our colonies, which has been ™ striking a phenomenon ot recent years. If this estimfte of K.plmg s work be true, then that which the literary liatr??tJ?a!\ to P1? of the which tne jjr. Cecil Rhodes—becomes of Empire-build There appeared a dav or exceptional \r}te rn'riJool Daily Post an arti^f t»o «o the ti'u «t«le from the pen ot mentloned! W0 cn, though the namcs are ^n of Mr. Kipling vK u pv r i ffiien. The verdict of the poet is that the" colossus" is "the greatest of liviylg Kipling 3 &&Z \\asn t it a ra_ making of money p this haying to do w th who didn't spend Sordid." A man worth mi imgelf, There he more than £ 600 a year ,acfi, keeping free lived m a poor never-fin.shed p and easy open house. AnyDocly ^a(j him and enjov his simple hospit y fabie_ walk in. Mr. Rhodes never ^esld" f tho had never spent long at table. The gue--t «ho bad been there lon?e~t =at at the top that w as a,l \Vas Mr. Rhodes accessible ? To everybody, and without introduction. Walking about m his verandah you WOnld see a poor seedy woman come up to him with frowsy papers and a tale ot woe A few sh questions sufficed Then a brief hastily written memorandum. Take that to So-and-so; that win pnt you all right. A ad this sort of one-man extempore government went on m that homely tumbie-dovvu verandah all day. Mr. Rhodes's moral8 are next discussed. Sir Ed ward Russell put the question to Mr. Kipling • Has Mr. Rhodes, in a public sense, any niova sr lut. says the other great man, he's making an empire. Morals, forsooth The best ideal is to spread civilization and make an empire in doing it. Q seems further to have objected to Mr.^Scbremer and his sister as purelv literary, sniffing at the words as if he had been a Hannibal, a Barnato, orKitchener." The Boers were detestable. Their religious P,notions and expressions only meant that when Kruger wanted things to go his way he howled texts at his people. And finally, in answer to the miestion how Mr. Rhodes, being such a great q on came to make such a awful mess of Ks allowing and not rendering successful the

CON"I"'RACTED A! i | i ] < Which left him with a Dry, Hard, j Hacking Cough. i H, J- IViYHILL. Nobody can tell what is going to happen when health begins to fail. Sometimes even the slightest signs of indisposition have a most significant meaning, and again a very trouble- some ailment may be only temporary- A great deal depends upon the condition of the body when attacked by outside iufluences- Let us bring to your attention for a moment the case of Mr. Myhill, of Dover, who writes :— 10, Snargate Street, Dover, May 81st, 1898. "DEAR SIRS,—Before I commenced the use of Scott's Emulsion I was completely run down bad very little appetite for my food, could scarcely put any energy into my business, and was very irritable with everyone I Calne In contact with. I also felt a pain in toy r'ght lung, and to make matters worse, I contracted a very severe cold, which left me with » hard, dry, hacking cough. I continued the use of Scott's Emulsion, with the result tfrat my appetite soon returned my cough wns cured, and each bottle left me stronger and wealthier at the finish than at the commenceiOent- I may say I am now quite convalesce and attribute my very speedy recovery Iggely to the fact of taking Scott's Emulsion. I jonsider this preparation a most valuable tojic' and firmly believe a good constitution 3Y be built up by it. I shall always recofflmend Scott's Emulsion whenever opportunity per- mits.—I remain, yours truly, (signed) g. J. MYHILL." All of Mr. Myhill's symptoms are familiar to nearly everybody. The want of appetite, lack of energy, pain in the lung, and hacking cough are all indications of approaching disease. They show clearly that the body is weak and needs a remedy which will not only stimulate the appe- tite and gives a feeling of energy, but will also really make flesh and blood, and give vitality to the whole system. Such a remedy is the one which cured Mr. Myhill, viz., Scott's Emulsion. This preparation should be taken by everybody with a tendency towards weakness and emaciation, or suscepti- bility to taking cold. Nobody can begin to estimate the number of lives that have been saved by the curative and nourishing properties of Scott's Emulsion. The beneficial effects of this great remedy are being revealed every day in the cases that are coming to light where Scott's Emulsion has been employed in treat- ment. This preparation is the easiest and most palatable form of cod-liver oil combined with hypophosphites and glycerine. All of these are standard remedial agents, and the formula for making Scott's Emnlsion has the endorsement of the entire medical profession. You can obtain a sample of Scott's Emul- sion by sending threepence to cover postage to Scott and Bowne, Limited, Manufacturing Chemists, 95 Great Saffron-bill, London, E.C., and mentioning this paper.

Tbe Vatican b»s a rifgt Italy of nearly 7°,000,00 i v called the Law of the took possession of home «lajc^ Qf 3)000 0po Guarantees enacted that -JO -d b the lire ( £ 120.000) a year should u P Government to the Pope. —_—.

LAW AND LAWYERS. [BY MR. D. LLEUFER THOMAS, B.A.] At the Free Library, on Saturday evening last, Mr. D. Lleufer Thomas, B.A., barrister- at-law, delivered a very interesting lecture on Law and Lawyers." Mr. R. G. Cawker presided, and there was a good attendance. Mr. Thomas's lecture was as follows :— In the language and literature of the day, the word law is used to express two distinct ideas. In the physical sciences, or those which relate to the facts and phenomena of nature, the term law expresses the abstract idea of the order of the universe as mani- fested in instances of invariable co-existence, of regular sequence or of cause and effect in nature. When we talk, for example, of the law of gravitation, all that we mean is that objects do gravitate, and that they have never been known to do otherwise. The un- varying regularity and unchangeableness of this physical fact is really the law of gravita- tion. But in the moral or practical sciences, namely, those which deal with the doings of man, the word law is used in the sense of a rule of human conduct—a command prescrib- ing a course of action, disobedience to which involves liability to a punishment of some kind or other. Now the latter use undoubt- edly represents the original, and what is still the strictly literal meaning of the word law, for, etymologically, all that the word meant was something laid down," hence, in a derivative sense, that which is prescribed or ordered, and, in course of time, analogy and metaphor applied the word to many other uses, but the connection between them is, however, always capable of being traced. It is what is known as the anthromorphic tendency of mankind that is accountable for most of those applied and metaphorical uses of the word. THE LAW LAID DOWN." Thus the idea of law as something" laid down" or prescribed, presupposes a person who lays down or prescribes the rule of action, in fact—a lawgiver. As the patriarch governed his family, so primitive man supposed that unseen beings-gods or demons —governed the elements of nature. The winds and waters in a furious storm would, in his view, be simply obeying the law "laid down" for them by these unseen beings. But the greater the regularity which man observes in nature, the fewer such beings does he suppose to be at work in her. till at last he rises to the conception of One Great Being whose laws are obeyed by the whole universe. It is in the Book of Job that this lofty conception has probably received its sublimcst expression in the whole range of literature. It is this belief in the existence and activity of an unseen being or beings regulating nature that has been the source of all the metaphorical axis of the word law as denoting the order or method of natural phenomena. But we should always remember that law, in its original and popular sense, is an entirely different thing, namely, a rule of human conduct. But the law with which the lawyer is concerned requires two further limitations. In the first place, his law relates to conduct, as shown in external acts; and secondly, it derives its force, not like the moral law, or the law of honour, from a man's own con- science or from public opinion, but from a sovereign political authority, that is the authority which is paramount in a political society. Now it is impossible to conceive the exist- ence of any organised society, however primitive, without law of some kind or other without its settled rules of human action- though, in the imaginary Golden Age of the past, law and lawyers have generally been represented as unknown, while, in the ideal Utopias of the future, lawyers, at all events, will be wholly unnecessary, if we are to I believe thepoets and philosophers of Socialism. I LAW AND RELIGION. We may, however, be certain that in the ancient world man was much more trammelled by law than we are at present, in spite of what ia often called grandmotherly and socialistic legislation, but there was this dIfferene-primitive law was always inextric- ably mixed up with religion. Under such circumstances the tendency, if not the rule at all times, was that the priest or other religious official should be the custodian and interpreter of the law. In the Mosaic law, for example, minute regulations as to religious ceremonial are found side by side with declarations of civil duties and prohibitions of crimes, and as the early Hebrew govern- ment was in form a Theocracy, we find little or no evidence of the existence of the secular or non-priestly lawyer in the Old Testament. In this respect, the laws of the Greek States also bore a close resemblance to the Mosaic aw, for the laws of Solon of Athens, for cTtain1ed' side by side with pro- L.!v 4-^ inheritance and marriage, an rituaTSwSTwTs »°„ft "S even to .tipntat* the^"prict'7l"S offered up for sacrifice. To bring this com- prehensive and quasi-reHgious aspect of primitive law nearer home to us T may point out that we still have survivals in our own country of a time when ecclesias tics enjoyed a. monopoly of many branches of legal and judicial work, for the Lord Chan- cellor himself was originally an ecclesiastic- a sort of Father Confessor to the King, being described as keeper of the King's conscience, and it is this fact that accounts for the Lord Chancellor's patronage of so many Crown livings even at the present day. His deputy, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, was also as a rule an ecclesiastic, and I may mention in passing that the last clerical holder of that in passing that the last clerical holder of that office was, in fact, a Welshman—John Williams, Archbishop of York, in the time of Charles I. It would be easy to multiply examples of the intermixture of religion with law proper in the legal systems of all primitive races. It is to the Romans that we owe the first successful attempt at differentiating between the civil and religious functions of organised society—between the sphere of the State and the sphere of the Church in public life. In speculative philosophy, and in the cultivation of the fine arts, the Greeks excelled their conquerors, the Romans, but in the more practical and non-speculative departments of intellectual activity, in the art of o-overnment and the cultivation of law the Roani surpassed not only the Greeks, but absolutely all the other nations of An example of the subtle but all ^vadhig influence of the idea of law on the ftotnan cftizen is to be found in the writings ™ St- Paul, whose theological arguments and Si8..Presentation of Christian doctrines are wVinctly those of a person well peeped in i?"al Principle It has also been observed by Dea? Oilman—the historian of Latin Chnst- r Roman devotion to the study of law tnarks the difference which sprang Up befc Western or Latin- speakmg chu^h^ and the Churches of the East, whose la^uao-e and literature were Greek. Greot t"'h 7 ns pno-ao-ed them- selIes. ln Profound metaphysical controversies as to the divine pe^ons the divine substance, ^d'resrvu7sTaruie Ss Se Western Church threw itself with passionate ardour into quite anoTher order of disputes, sc as the ature of sin as a breach of the divine law, its tran inheritance tbe debt owed by vfcarioS^Itis- faction, tbe nature n j of the atonement, above all tb« ?a_onisin between freewill apparent antagjm^ all of them quesSon^ Dlvme l r°" l the central idea of the lt» « a law-breaker. ^al responsibility of understand thatYo^^ y°u wil1 rea<*S of being the first greaTv.6 belon8's the ctl 0 of being the very I ? ho*e of legal studies, and to come at last fSery of jurisprudence, that is was also the c present subject, »atko» "-We, PATRON .A.NI)' Now, in ancient P, CLienT- patrician house had a >Qle' every head of a who looked up to him nuui^)er of dependents, owed him obligation a their protector, and the relation of patro In return. This was corresponded in some 1 and client,, and it relation of lord and 8Pect8 to the feudal' society. One of the ore]-111 in AnS1<>Sax011 patron was to assist his „|-nary duties of the defend him before the trfbnt_m law suits and pleader or advocate in nas. The earliest therefore the patrician r>.1f1Clen^ ^om.e yas the cause of his dependenf°U ciiamPioniri" the science of law became or l)rote0{- tnore complicated

a professional class arose who, in addition to being eloquent speakers, found it necessary to be also learned in law, with the result that during the Republic, advocacy becai»e 11 principal field for attaining the hono»rS °* the State. The names of many of the great advocates of Rome have been handed down to us as masters of the art of oratory, and from the works of Cicero, Quintilian and pliny, e are also able to form some opinion as t° style of eloquence that prevailed at Roman bar in its palmiest days. A P^es" ing tendency with many Roman adv*°c was to become interminably loquacious that the magistrates had eventually ton* length of speech allowed each pleader III accordance with the importance of his c before the speaker commenced to speak- time was measured by a sort of water c10 similar in principle to the modern glass. If the prescribed time was exteQ > the magistrates was said to be giving to the advocate. There were also many filled their speeches with irrelevant sions, in the way that the liberty of subject, the British Constitution, Jlalpr Charta, the Reformation, and many -r topics are sometimes dragged into orations by English speakers, or 3uS rmon rambling preacher often travels in eja. the whole distance from Genesis to ^mos tions and from Eden to the Isle of Pa This habit is alluded to by a Latin J v0_ represents a client breaking in on cate's windy and discursive speech so# thus Advocate We have T here with violence, or murder, or "mv accuse my neighbour of having sto three goats, and the judge wants me to p this. You, with all the strength of your lungs, and striking the bar with Your hand, only make a noise about the battle of i,0ut the perfidy of the Carthaginians, ylla, Marius, and Mucius. Speak > pray you, of my three goats." There 1 similar epigram—the soliloquy of a in had lost a pig which he accused Eu Jn •. of having stolen. His counsel, tojen Menecles, talked of all things but the s pIg. The client mutters I never thought in this affair to charge with any theft i ^me.n who at Thermopylae, their ives bodies left; My suites wfth'Entychides and if I anc* Xerxes both are weleome Plead my true case, lest I cry oat (I can my "Theeiltt?e"piJh^i story tells, and Menecles another." 2nnr>eV^S w^i°^ these clients .p^out' 2,000 years a«?o have not vet quite died out, a rulthe- 0rdinary advocate of to-day is no as a rule giVen to much florid declamationi, he m«trafth!r at a clear and 'vdeT]lZ suTe of speakinf an? ^es have done much to l C m0uern!3 S their dis- w encourage, bv showing approval of the Boymbastre Furios style (Segt. Busfod). Before passing on from the history of advocacy in R?me, I may mention that in one respect things were somewhat more advanced in that city than in our own day and connf. L ^pslt to have iQ P^hing their way as into the Courts for J brief period, but owing to the violent and -nrobablv intermmabl# SpeVbV °f °ne of them, an edict was passed from acting as professional pleaders °n behalf of others, though still allowed to Speak for themselves if necessity arose. Another example of the tyranny ot man r THE PliOFESSION IN ENGLAND- After this hurried sketch of lawyers in other couatnes, 1 must come hom« to our own, and inquire what has been the history of the profession in England. When the man in the street speaks of a »lawyer, be generally means a solicitor, because a solicitor ig the Jnl laWyerto whom a cheat wanting advice or legal aid can himself approach. But behind, or as some are pleased to describe it, above the solicitor, there is another augUst person—member c* another branch of the profession. The existence of that other branch is less impressed upon the public mind than is the existence of the solicitor. Each branch has a history of its Own, but., speaking broadly, their work and duties are capable of the same classification. These duties fall into two main divisions In the first place, the lawyer has to act as legal agent for people who go to law, and he has to champion and advocate their causes when they come on for trial. For brevity's sake j this division may be called that of advocacy and leg-al ao-ency in litigation. The second ^ain division of the lawyer's work is of an advisory character He has to advise his clients on all questions of law or business on which he may be consulted; under which we tnay also include the preparation for clients of certain classes of commercial contracts, and of, deeds, transferring or otherwise dealing WIth property. ^lany of these duties are the product of the ev"er-increasing complexity of society, and *ere entirely unknown in the remoter ages. °r example take the last mentioned depart- ment of conveyancing: Among primitive People, all the land usually belonged to the ^ibe and not to the individual but if a granger wanted to buy land from the tribe, all tfoat was necessary to confirm t e transfer that the agreement should be arrived at, and the price paid, in the presence of a sufficient number of witnesses, and that this Should be followed by possession It was thus JW the purchase of Macbpelah was effected Abraham, who is said to have weighed to phron the silver which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, and the field of %hron which was before Mamre, the field the cave which was therein and all the f?ees that were in the field-that were m the ^rders round about were made sure unto graham for a possession in the pmenee of children of Heth before all that went m at gate of his city." Some lawyer, at a later date, must, I think, ha,ve touched up that passage a bit, for; you have observed that the phraseo ° £ y but little from that which you would find m 'f Modern deed conveying all tha pie and called Blackacre, together with all appurtenances whatsoever to t e belon!vino._» .In the course of time possession came o e Siven by means of some symbolical ac a ^stance in English law, the ^i{?> a hazel rod, or a turf °^,s0 most curious symbolical act of the kind that I know of is recorded in the Book of Ruth, where the person who sells his land takes off shoe and gives it to the buyer-. this was the manner in former time in o' Concerning redeeming and concerning c i< o ln?> for to conform all things a man piuc his shoe, and gave it to his neiyh and this was a testimony in Israel. 1 ever may have been the significance o shoe—my idea is that it symbolised the son, which the shoe rested—the main objec o the whole ceremony was to perpetuate tes 1 mony as to the transaction, and that posses- Sl°n should be given in the presence or so m anv wif.npsses. v For the sake of greater certainty, writing pame at last to be employed, and it was here, 111 our own country, that the necessity first arose for lawyer's services in the matter of conveyancing. The lawyer was supposed to be able to write, which the landowner, how- ever, could not do. To sign their names even, was more than the ordinary English land- owner, before the Tudor period, could do, so whenever a document was drawn up for them, they affixed their seal to it. Conveyancing is, however, the least interesting part of a lawyer's work, so far as the public is concerned. There is very little romance in it, though George Elliot has made the plot in Felix Holt to turn largely upon a mistake in conveyancing, and though the author has done with such effect that lawyers reading the story have been known to lament seriously-as if the thing had happened t ,)r, of l- V own clients—that the parties did not cake better advice. t Ther«> iK>fcsruewhat more of interest to the public in litigation It furnishes more of the Materials of romance and it contains not a few lramatic elements and possibilities. But nany of the accessories of modern litigation vere unknown to the ancient world. In the irst place, no dispute would have been ;ntertained by any Court of Justice in the arlier ages, unless both parties appeared personally before the tribunal, where each was equired to plead his own cause in his own vords. Ancient law," says Professor Vlaitland, does not readily admit the Drinciple that one man can represent another .n litigation." The right to appoint a third person to represent one of the parties in Jourt appears late in the day. It spread outwards from the King. From of old, the King had to be represented by others in his numerous suits. This right of his he was ible to confer upon his subjects, at first as an exceptional favour, and afterwards as a general rule." It was in the 13th century that litigants were thus allowed to appoint persons formally to appear fw them at the trial of their action. Such third person came to be called an attorney, which probably meant simply an appointed person," though according to the traditional derivation of the word it meant a person acting in the turn or place of another. It is, at all events, the adiest name for a law agent in the English language, and though it has within the present century fallen into disuse, it was the name by which persons doing the work now lone by solicitors was known for many centuries. But at first the attorney was not 1 professional man at all. A bishop would 1 professional man at all. A bishop would ippoint one of his clerk's as his attorney, an ibbot one of his monks, a baron would be represented by his steward, or one of his knights." In course of time the litigant was further allowed to retain some person learned in the law (which the attorney was not then supposed to be) to address the Court at the ;rial, in doing which the speaker had to stand 'Jy and at the side of the client or of his ittorney at the trial. This man of law, or sergeant-at-law as he came to be called, was :he predecessor of the modern barrister, and :or many centuries there was no kind of barrister other than the sergeant-at-law. The incient rendezvous of the sergeants, and the place where they could be cousulted-when- sver the Courts were not sitting-was at the portico-or parvis as it was called-of St. Paul's Cathedral, which, in the 16th and 17th centuries, became the haunt of a very motley crowd, such as any reader of Harrison Ainsworth's Old St. Paul's will readily recall to mind. But in the earlier time we are speaking of each sergeant was to be found standing at his allotted pillar and dressed in his distinctive costume—a long robe and a closely-fitting cap of white lawn or silk. Chaucer, in the prologue to the Canterbury Tales, has sketched in outline an admirable portrait of the 14th century sergeant. I will quote a few of the lines A Sergeant of Lawe wary and wise That often hadde ben at ye parvis Ther was also, ful rich of excellence Discret bear-z, and of great reverence Nowhere so busy a man as he there was And yet he seemed busier than he was. Just as the advocates of ancient Rome had been accustomed to pace up and down in the market place or forum, waiting for clients, so the sergeants stood each by his accustomed pillar in St. Paul's Cathedral, ready to place their legal learning and forensic skill at the aid of the rich for an adequate reward, but free of all charge for the poor and the indigent. The sergeants were also liable to be called in to assist the King's Court by their counsel, and in fact their admission to the order in the first instance was an act of Royal favour, a writ of summons issued under the Great Seal by the King in Council, being directed to them in the same way as a Peer is created by a writ summoning him to Parlia- ment. In the last decade of the 13th century we find mention of another class of men called apprentices of the law." Originally these must have been pupils or assistants of the sergeants, and you will probably think: that I have put the cart before the horse in speaking of the sergeants first—placing the master craftsmen before the apprentices. The sergeants, however, existed long before the apprentices, but some time in the 13th century they appear to have come under the influence of the trade guild movement, which made apprenticeship an indispensable quali- fication for the pursuit of any trade or calling with the view of keeping up a sort of monopoly. The seven years' apprenticeship, which was the rule in all other trades, was in the case of the legal 'prentice doubled and in some instances trebled, but the common rule was that only apprentices of 10 years' stand- ing were allowed to appear at the bar in Westminster Hall, from which time on they were called "apprentices at the bar," and after 20 years' standing they became eligible to be nominated King's sergeants in the way I have mentioned. The word "bar," which occurs in so many expressions, such as prisoner at the bar," called to the bar," and so on, simply meant the bar or barrier which fenced off the judgment seat from the rest of the court. The only court, by the way, in which the bar is still maintained and occasionally drawn out with much ceremony is the High Court of Parliament. In certain illuminations or coloured uictures of the courts at Westminster, found in M.S. law books of the 15th century, we see the judges on the different benches, the officials at a table below, and the litigants with their counsel, whether sergeants or qualified apprentices, standing by them at the bar. The picture of the K.B. (where criminal cases were heard) shows us the prisoner at the bar, with his counsel standing by him, which furnishes further proof of the old use of the bar as the proper place for the pleader, the litigant and the prisoner. It would be rather startling now-a-days if counsel were obliged to stand by the side of any prisoner they defended and address the court in wig and gown from the prisoner's bar or dock, which was however the older custom. The Sergeant's, like our modern Queen's Counsel, being appointed by the Crown, were always limited in number 40 being about the maximum belonging to the order at the same time, so that there were always some fully- qualified apprentices at the bar who had not been admitted as Sergeants. These qualified apprentices came in time to be called gentle- men of the outer bar, while the more favoured ones, the Sergeants, were gentlemen of tbe inner bar, but eventually—the history is too tedious to trace in detail-both classes came to be known by the common appellation of Barristers. But in an early stage of their development the apprentices found it con- venient, for the sake of study and other purposes, to live together as far as possible, and it was out of their voluntary association that the present Inns of Court have grown. These Inns, now four in number, are in many respects like the City Companies of London- the Drapers, Goldsmiths, the Cordwainers, and the like—with this difference, that the Inns do not owe their origin to any Royal charter or license, but are pure voluntary associations, singularly free from govern- mental control, though entrusted with abso- lute puwers as to the admission of students to the bar, and with laying down rules as to the professional conduct of those who have been so admitted. In one respect the Governors, or as they are called, Benchers of these Inns, sadly neglected their duties. (To be concluded in our next.)

Sir Squire Bancroft will read his arrangement of Dickens's Christmas Carol" at Wandsworth Town Hall on Tuesday, December 6th, on behalf of the lioval Hospital for Incurables, Putney Heath. The little village of Rottingdean, associated with the memory of the late Sir Edward Burne- Jones, and also favoured as a seaside home by Mr Rudyard Kipling, has been chosen by the Duke of Fife as a site for a marine residence. Pending the result of an appeal which the trade-men are making to the Chief Comuu^sioner of Police, St. John's-road, Battersei, Was on Saturday still in possession of the coster, who shows no desire to quit so busy a market place. The late Miss Mary Har.erton, who recently died leaving personal estate vanied at £ 19.640, in her will expressly oidered that all her hoi\-es, mares, and geldings, should be destroyed within fourteen days after her death, in the presence of a vc-terinary surgeon, so that they should not get into bad hands and be ill-treated. "AS A SAFE, PERMANENT, AND WARRANTED CTRB lor Pimples, Scrofula, Scurvy, Bad Lees, Skin and Blood Diseases, Pimples and Sores of all kiuds, we can with confidence recommend Clarke's World-famed Blood Mixture. It is certainly the finest Blood Purifier that science and medical skill have brought to light. Thousands of wonderful cures have, been effected by it. Bold everywhere, at 2s, 9d.' pert bottle. Beware of worthless imitation. q I t 9 I I TRADE MAKE. ( BaHya Ii Tree.) rpHE MOST INTELLIGENT 1, k 1) S "JSE JAMES' BANYAN SOAP -Gix-en an opportunity, it will astonish you with its power for cleansing and beautifying the -='='c-, gl-irs, removing dandruff, and preserving the beauty of the teeth and the health of the mouth and gums. ample tablet 4d. stamps, 3 in a neat box lOd., 3 boxes for 2s. Hd., 8 boxes for 5s. all post free. Money returned if not approved. Very suitable for presentation direst from the Maker. W. VAUGHAN JAMES, SOAP MAKER, ST. HELENS. LANCASHIRE. JOHN S. BROWN, Wm GEN-ERAL and FCRYISHIXG | J j IRONMONGER, If OXFORD-ST., m SWANSEA. FOR PPJC £ S SWANSEA. SEE WINDOWS P? SEE mm0WS' I i |I /{vV/l.iKG E^T i r- J' V 1 SELECTION, i- C) JOHN S. BROWN.

SWANSEA POLICE COURT. SATURDAY. LBefore Dr. J. G. Hall, Wm. Walters, B. Evans, D. Owen, and A. H. Thomas. Esqrs.] DRUNKENNESS.—Florence Winstone, an un- fortunate of no fixed abode Wm. Howell, labourer, 31, Ysgol-street, Port Tennant Charlotte Johns, married, 258, Carmarthen-road Thomas Davies, 14, Danygrai-terrace, for whom his mother appeared, and John Erickson, sailor, were fined various amounts for drunkenness. NIGHT BEGGARS.—Francis Frederick Jones, painter, who said he was tramping to Cardiff, was charged with begging in Carmarthen-road, Cwmbwrla, on Friday night. P.C. Jiorthcote said prisoner stopped a woman in the street and asked for money. He had received a great many complaints recently from women who had been frightened by being stopped in that way at night. The Chief Constable said there was a great many men such as the prisoner about at present. He was sentenced to fourteen days' hard labour. A HOBBLER'S REVENGE.—David Jeremiah, hobbler, of no fixed address, was charged with breaking a pane of glass in the shop window of No. 17, Neath-road, Hafod. P.C. (35) said prisoner made a row outside the shop, saying that if he did not get what he wanted he would either break the window or cut off the policeman's bead with a spade he had in his hand. Witness told him to go away, whereupon prisoner smashed the window.—The proprietor of the shop stated that prisoner had brought a pair of shoes to be repaired, and wanted them returned when finished, without payment. Witness did not know the man, therefore refused such a request, and then prisoner smashed the window.—Prisoner was fined 20s. induding costs and damages, or in default 14 days. He took the alternative. COUNTY BUSINESS. UNWEIGHED COAL.-Hicliard Lucas, haulier, Gowerton, was summoned for selling coals other- wise than by weight 0:1 the 8th inst. Mr. Thompson appeared for the defendant, and, while admitting the charge, stated that the man had been sent out without scales by his master. A fine of 10s. and costs was imposed. PETTY OFFENCES:—James Phillips, tinman, Pontlliw, for failing to deliver to the police a permission to remove pigs under the Swine Fever Order, was fined 10s.—Samuel Beynon and Thomas Thomas, hauliers, Lianelly, for leaving their horses and carts on the highway unattended on the 7th inst., was fined 10s. each.—George Dykins Williams. agei 14, Pontardulais, charged with furiously riding a bicycle on the 1st inst. in a narrow lane at Tonybone, pleaded that he was only a beginner, and was merely trying another boy's machine. He was discharged with a caution.—William Hughes, collier, Pontar- dulais. for disorderly behaviour in Swansea- road on the 8th inst., was fined 16s., including costs. MONDAY. 'Before J. C. Fowler (Stipendiary). H. Watkins, S. Goldberg, and J. Rosser, Esqrs. J, DRIVERS IN TROUBLE.—Jno. Morris, an elderly man of Sketty, was fined 2s. 6d. for driving on the wrong ide of the road in Castle- square.—Thomas James, 4, Approach-road, was charged with interrupting the free passage of a carriage in Alexandra-road, on the 3rd inst. Mr. L. Richards prosecuted on behalf of the police. Mr. Allan Paton. ironmonger, and P.C. Sidney, James gave evidence to the effect that on the night in question, defendant, who was driving a wagon, collided with a dog cart, although it drew in near the curb It seems there was plenty of room to pass, and that tbe accident occurred solely through the negligence of defendant The Bench decided that the ca-e did not come within the meaning of the Act, but advised defendant to be more careful. AN UNWELCOME VISITOR -ftichard Brooks. 6 Calvert-street, summoned George Jenkins, labourer, Waterloo-street for assaultflt appearei [from the evidence of Brooks that deienda.-t entered his house, about midni-ht on the date in question, went upstairs where he (Brooks) was, pulled him out of the bed and struck him in the face. Defendant was fined 40s. and also bound over to keep the peace for three months. THEFT OF C'CiAI'F-'rTEs.-Alf red and Willie Beaton lo5, Pentre Estyll two little: boys, were charged with stealing a dozpn packets of cigarettes, value Is., from No. 55, Neath-road, Hafod, the prouertv of Jane Parker. Prosecutrix Mid P.C. Will,s having proved tlie charge, Capt. Thonia* (deputv chief constable) said that Alfred Beaton, the elder brother, had been before the court on four previous occasions-three times lo larceny. Alfred Beaton was ordered to be se to gaol for 10 days, thence be would go to a reformatory for five years This being the first appearance of over tobe'ofi'ood behaviour and to come up when CAAMTATION ARREARS. Wm. Waring AFFiniA reet> a young mail of respect- able^appearanee, was summoned by Mary Ann single woman, re-idmg at Rosehill- ijavieo, arrearg ul;der an affiliation order. CoTnplainant stated that on the 20th of September last an order was made against defendant to pay 3s 6d. a week and costs. He bad not paid her anything- Curran, on being asked if he had any- thing to say, said that he was not doing any- thing- It was an unjust decision. — Complainant: I would not come here to swear tha.t if it was not true.—The Stipendiary After a long hearing an order was made against you. and it now appears that you have not paid her a penny. You resist, and pay nothing. The law is stronger than you are. The court commits you for two months, or until you pay the money owing .-Curran now got very excited and on going below to the cells, he shouted I will never pay anything as long as God gives me breath. You (evidently referring to the Stipendiary) are not fit to try a case. You are a standing disgrace to the community. It is time you left the Bench. You are a laughing stock to the whole town. QUITE EIGHT.—This was the reply made by Catharine Lee. a married woman, on being charged with being drunk and disorderly in High-street on the 22nd inst. so she was fined 7s. 6d. JUVENILES AGAIN.—A number of lads were fined various small sums for playing football and tip-cat in the street, and also for setting off fire- works. DRUNK AND DISORDERLY. Catharine Main waring, married, 11, Llang-vfela-b-roa.,J Jane Sbeffers. Scyborfach-street and William Cattrell. PJasmarl, were fined 7s. 6d.. 5s., and 10s. respectively for being drunk and disorderly. —Michael Ryan, labourer, Carmarthen-road, was sent down for 14 days' hard labour for a siunlar offence and violently assaulting P.C. Hill whilst in the execution of his duty. ASSAULTS BY FEMALES. Prudence Craig, Wellington-street, was summoned by Charlotte Boat for assault. Several witnesses were called aaa ultimately both parties were bound over to keep the peace.—Polly Williams, married, Orchard-street, was summoned by Mary Jane Edmunds for assault on the 15th inst. Complain- ant asserted that defendant had assaulted her and torn her clothes to pieces. Both were bound over.—Mary JaneDemery. 560, Neatb-road, was summoned for assaulting Mary Shelly. Defend- ant was fined 7s. 6d. and costs.-Ellen Jaine*. 6, Dina-street, was summoned by Elizabeth Lewis, for an assault on the 17th. The evidence showed that both parties were in fault, and they were bound over. TUESDAY. [Before J. C. Fowler (Stipendiary), M. J. Roche, and F. Bradford, Esqrs.] THE BEGGING NUISANCE, Michael Sullivan and Thomas Williams, two men of the loafer type, were charged wiih beggingat Messrs. Fowler and Bray's tea-shop, St. Helens-road. An assi>tant at the shop statt d that the men refused to go out when requested to do so. Captain Thomas (deputy chief constable.)^ stated that they had had considerable trouble with these men "who had been about the town for some time. Thev were in the habit of insulting people. Defendants were sentenced to 21 days' hard iabour. INEBRIATED.—Sidney Lloyd. 46. Powell-street, was found by the police on the 16th inst., so helplessly drunk in High-street, that they were obliged to carry Lim to the police station. Fined 7s. 6d.—Elizabedi Pugh, married woman of Cwmbwrla, admitted being drunk in College- street on the loth inst. This being her 13th appearance she was fined 7s 6d FIREWORKS—Thomas Thomas. 1,126, Neath- road Richard Thomas. 366, Neath-road and 9 ,L'evv(%n; Canal-side, were each fined or setting off fireworks in the street. --N F WEDNESDAY. LBefore Dr. J. q. Hall. m. Walters, _D. M. Glasbrook, and Dd. Owens, E-qrs., a DISOHDEHL y ,-A Norwegian seaman named Alfred Olsen, charged with being drunk^ and disorderly in East "Burrows, on the 25th inst., was fined 5s. or in default seven days. A SWANSEA PUGILIST IN TROUBLE. m. ell-lrown Swansea Morgan, Baok-ftreet. a well-known b wan sea I'Ugi isf WHS charged with being orunk at the Mackwort'n Hotel, High-street and refusing to quit when requested to do so. Catherine Auams, barmaid, stated that on the night in question, defendant came in drunk and called lor drink. On being refused be used disgusting language towards her.-Defendant was fined 20s. or 14 days in default. He took tbe alternative. COUNTY BUSINESS. DKUNK.—George Hoskins,a Swansea labourer, for whom his brother appeared, was fined 10s. inclusive for drunkenness at Fforestfach on the 13th inst. T -YTT IN SEARCH OF UAME. —John Williams a Llangyfelach farmer, was summoned for trespass- ing in search cf game on the 10th inst. Mr Griffith Morgan appeared for the prosecution' and Mr. C. B. Jemuns defended. Laurence Baglole, a gamekeeper at Maeseglwys, near Llangyfelach, eposed. to seeing defendant striking a I)heasarit with a billhook. He then picked it up and was going to strike another when witness shewed himself to save it. Defendant attempted to bribe him not to say anytamg about.-The defence was that the game was not reserved, and that the woods in which the birds were w-as part of the farm in tie ojcupation of defendant's father.

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