Papurau Newydd Cymru
Chwiliwch 15 miliwn o erthyglau papurau newydd Cymru
10 erthygl ar y dudalen hon
Cuddio Rhestr Erthyglau
10 erthygl ar y dudalen hon
-SURAL NOTES.
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-SURAL NOTES. By Mr. J. Muir. Marram Abbey I Glamorganshire, ANSWERS TO COHBESPONDENTS. Unless in special cases, no replies will be sent to readers by post, but all inquiries will have » prompt, and careful attention under this heading, and we incite notes and questions on ALL rural subjects.
Manuring Trees and Shrubs.,
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( ————————————— "NAME: OF CHTITSASTHKMCM.— "Yorks."—"Grandi- flora." The variety was noted as a useful late flower in this column a fortnight, ago. Time TO I'LAST ALPINE PLANTS.—" Cardiff.— Not until tho end of March or early in Apti!. K good selection may be bought at 3s. a d >on. A little collection of 60 sorts would prove very in- teresting. T flBATSiENT or BKES.—" J. C. F."—The less you nreddle with your bees at present the better. They MO verv dormant at this time, and exposure, even for a short time, would sure to prove injurious. Keep them constantly well covered on the top and quite watertight, and there is little danger. ■NAME OF (irtAPE.-Il Amateur (Birminghnmy— Lady Downes." It is one of the best of all late keeping grape. You have preserved it very well Indeed. if the other bunches are in the same con- dition you would have no difficulty in keeping it till March or evrn later. NOS-PATMEHT OI FOWLS.—" Beginner."—It cer tainly seems as if ha did not intend remitting the money. After having them for six weeks it is weless complaining that they are not up to repre- sentation. They ought to have been returned in a day or two. There is too much of this in poultry- dealing. I would put the case in the c-unty- C-urt. GLADIOLUS IN THE OPES.—W. Morgan.—'They are quite hardy, and you have not made a mistake in allowing them to remain in the ground. They are safe there, and will bo sure to appear in the spring. Still, if there are indications of the weather proving very severo they would be benefited by being slightly protected by a thin layer of manure or ashes. 11 Movixos ASPARAGUS ROOTS.—"J. P." (Worces- tershire) is moving from one county to another, acd wishes to take his asparagus roota with him. Thia may ho done at the present time, but if they are over six years old they will not move very successfully. The better way would be to try and sell tttfm to the incoming tenant and bogin with a fresh lot in the new phce in March or eirly in April, when thay can be transplanted very successfully. Thrae-yeir-old roots may be bought at 5<. per 100. In either case the produce would not be a gfeat crop the first season, but the latter roots, would do much better than the former in time to come. DBAD WOOD IN PEACH TREE. — W. M." (Middiesborough.) — You should have stated tha age and general condition of tlíe tree. I cannot suggest a remedy with- out knowing 'he complaint, but you will be quite right in lemoving tho whole of the dead wood when you prune the tree. It would be \\m- less to let this remain or train it with the live wood. Thk BEST IVY.—" Carmnriun For general purposes and unfavourable situations is the common ivy Iledera helix." It grows fa«t, bears j exposure, and is by no moans unornamental. gome of the choice variegated sorts are slow in growth and somewhat tender, but in favourable situations they are exceedingly pretty. MkASTJRIMEST OF FLOW) R rOTS.-h A. R,It is, according to th«ir diameter that they are named In inches. A oin. pot measures 3in. across the mouth, and so on. 1 never approved of the term3 "thirty-sixes," forty-two's," and so on, as applied to pots, but prefer the unmistakable uunsberof irche?. Window FUSCHIA Br.o inn INTO TO GROW,- 41 Cottager."—It would have beenbett-rifithadj remained dormant for another six weeks, but now that it i3 forming shoots you must not check it, inasmuch as it would not grow well. afterwards. Do not let it suffer for want of water. Keop it well in the light, and allow air to reach it on fine days by oponing the window. Mr¡3s LITrKB. — (Stock-owner," near Hull.)—I prefer the bedding supplied from the farm crop3, but it has been extensively used, and many are very much in its favour for some purposes. It is well adapted for thoae in towns who have to buy all their bedding. You will find some lvmarks in the present issue that will, no doubt, interest you. NAME OF FLOWER.—" J. (Leeds).—(i C'alanthe veitchii." It is hardly developed to its usual extent, but you may probably be deficient of heat. It requires a temperature of 65 degrees to bring it out properly. SOLOMON'S SEAL—"Snowdrop."—It is a hardy herbaceous plant of much beauty of form. You can procure it from Messrs. Dicksons (Limited), Chester. Manuring Trees and Shrubs. Many give their vegetable and flower quarters far too much manure, but few think of adding any fertilisers to the soil in which trees and shrubs are growing. Indeed, the way these are neglected in this way leads one to think that many must be of opinion that bushes will grow in any kind of soil, and that it is injurious to give them anything rich. Ia large plantations, and gardens where trees grow in large numbers, and often in masses, the leaves that fall from them annually are allowed to remain on the surface of the soil and decay. These, conse- quently, act as good fertilisers, but in small gardens, where leaves arc cleared off a* quickly as they fall with the object of keep- ing the place tidy," the bushes do not receive any such assistance. It is, therefore., especially desirable in small gardens that j where trees and bushes are desired to assume I and retain a luxuriant habit they should receive assistance by manuring, more particu- larly where the soil is naturally poor. Where they are growing on the grass or in lparts that cannot be forked over the manure ahouldbe spread round the stems to a distance of from Oft. to 5ft. If put on at once it will be waahed down to the roots in time to benefit them during the coming spring. The scraggy aspect of trees is often attributed to the M ind, but it is as often the fault of p or soil. The manuring of trees and shrubs ought, thsre^j tore, to have more attention than it bar. hitherto received, especially in small gardens, j where they have been most neglected. Early Chickens. Those who rear fowls for exhibiting at early shows, such as the Bath aud West of England, require to have chickens out in January or February at the latest. Others who rear them for the table also hatch early to secure forward chickens. But, unless under speoial facilities, none of the early chickens will prove particularly remunerative, inas-1 muoh as they require great care, much attention, and special food to bring them up successfully. Good shelter and ample protection are required for early chicken-rearing. The stock! birds must be in perfect health to ensure fertile eggs. Sterile eggs are often very troublesome in the early months of the year. For general purposes I would advise no attempt being made to hatch and rear chickens nntil March. The majority of the eggs will then be fertile; they will hatoh with great certainty, and the chickens will grow fast, and give little trouble in rearing. My favourite time for rearing chickens is April, Many of those hatched in that month wili become ready for the market, or will lay quite as Boon as the March or even the February hatched ones. January and February hatched chickens are apt to be stunted, but the April ones quickly gain the largest pro- portions. Mushrooms, f{ Cottager (Yorkshire) writes :— "I have been putting the advice you gate respecting growing mushrooms intopractice and I ftm pleased to say I have succeeded beyond mv expectations. I never tried to grow them bafore. I thought it retired a roal P&Tdeuel. to w a- t dues them, but I have had no difficulty with 1 them, and intend making more beds as often as I can get manure from a neighbour's stable. My present bed is situated in a shed. I have to thank you for what I have accomplished. Some of my neighbours now speak of trying to grow them as well, and f hope they will be as suc- cessful as I have been." Rabbit Warms. Some readers contemplate forming these, and I wonder if they can succeed, There is no reason why they should not, Kabbit- breeding is an interesting occupation, inasmuch as they are so productive and there is always a ready sale for them. Many rural districts are naturally adapted for rabbit warrens. I know of no end of spots on farms where it would only be necessary to allow them to breed for a year to produce a profitable warren, and on poor land some farmers make more off their rabbits than th^y do from their stool, or crops. In forming a warren and seleoting ground for it a dry spot should be chosen. They do not succeed well in a marsh. The rougher some of the ground is the better; but part of it should be good to furnish food. Light sandy ground where they can burrow freely suits them admirably. Gorse affords them valuable protection, and it is very desirable that the whole warren be wire-netted in to prevent the rabbits doing any damage or being caught on neighbour- ing land. A rough, but suitable, piece of ground, ten or a dozen acres in extent, would) furnish many hundreds of rabbits per annum for the marhet. TIabbits rarely die from being kept on the same ground year L-1 after year, but they lessen in size and very often in numbers from in-breeding. To haye a vigorous colony, therefore, a few unrelated bucks should be introduced oc a- sionally. "Where rabbits are fairly plentiful at present it would cn!y be necessary to dis- continue killing them for a season to have a full-going warren, but where the warren is to be started as a new affair two or three dozen rabbits should be bought and introduced. There is no more prolific, belter, or more saleable variety than the wild rabbit, and allowing them free scope on the ground is much better than confining them in hutches, when artificial attention becomes an expen- sive item. Weights of Cattle, The recent fat stock shows have produce 1 some interesting figures in connection with & the average gain of cattle. The heaviest beast in the late Smithfield Show was a Shorthorn steer from her Majesty th« Queen, It. was 1.325 days eld, and weighed :.?,:jÜ:ilbs" which gave an average gain per day of lib. 12oz. The second heaviest was a W elsh i steer from Colonel II. l'lalt. It was 1,:{(J;) days old, and weighed 2.334lbs,, giving tht; same gain in weight per day as the short-j horll- The champion Hereford ste<i\ sent by Mr. J. Ilowell, of Cardiff, was 1,3^7 days obi, and weighed ::)(j,j!1J: which showed daily gain of lib. floz. But the beast that gained the most weight during its existence up to the date of show was a Welsh steer, own<>d by Colonel H. Piatt. It was 1):11 days old, and showed a daily gain of 21 bs. Poz" which indicates that Welsh caLle are parlicularly well adapted for quickly gaimng a heavy weight. This ought to make these useful cattle more popular than ever. • Moss Litter as Bedding. The Iunner and Stovlhreeder is in favour of this and remarks :— "MIJss litter appears to be growing in favour. At soverid homesteads in Su-scx, where we have seen during the week m my hundred cattle -.r(I horses in covered yards and st Ujles, the whole of the animals are littered with this material, while the straw is used as food. The moss is shovelled from the scabies into the yards, and is used for cattle when the horses have done with it. A load of manure thus made under cover is worth two loads made in open yards. It has been asserted thai horses may eat the moss litter with bid remits. We have never known a case of this kind, and it should be remembered that the leading tramway nnd other companies use the litter, as wet) ascertain masters of foxhounds in liie Cols- j wold C'j U u try." Unsuitable for Pigs. Another correspondent observes :— Moss litter is less suitable as a bfJiins farpigs than for any other animal, and especially for winter use, because pig* get into their bed and do not lie cn it iike horses or cattle. If straw is employed, the pigs bury themselves in it, and are kept warmer than they would be on moss litter. The latter is certainly bettor than nothing, or next to noting, and dry moss-litter would aito te- preferable to wet stable refuse. The suitability of this would depend very much on theleng'h of limethe horse* were bedded on it. Dung from a gentleman's stable, where clcailintss and appearances are more f studied than economy, would be very useful for pig bedding, when the droppings were shaken out, as the straw is not badly soiled, bur coming fr<Jm a source where straw is scarce, economically used, and kept down until saturated with urine ?n trodden into manure, it- wo\i!d not he of much usf. j You had better buy litter than let the J-.i£s lie bare, as warmth is a great consideration, and not cn.'y eaves food and helps fattening, but prevents such dissasos as cramp or rheumatism. A bracken stack is a useful thing where straw is scarce, and very often this litter can be cllrally purchased from those who have forest or CJIWDVU lights. Fir Trees for Small Gardens. Comparatively few spruces or firs are suffi. ciently dwarf in habit for the city or village garden, but the few that are suitable are gemt> • of their kind. The most beautiful of all is a native of New Vork State, having been found upon the banks of the Hudson a few ago. It is known as the "Weeping Hera-; lock." and may be considered to be: among the evergreens what the weep- ing willow is among deciduous trees —i.e., the queen of weepers. I regret, however, to add that it is still scarce, and not yet in the market, but probably will be very soon. There are also several varieties of the spruce of a very dwarf habit. One known a* the" Pigmy" resembles the Norway spruce in everything except size, a full grown specimen scarcely exceeding 3ft. in height. Another variety, called Gregoryana,' forms ?t neat little dense ball of green, Jft. to 3it. in diameter, and about the same in height. There are also many other vat iclies belonging to the same genera er species as those named above, but I have named enough to show that there is no lack of materials with which to satisfy those who may desire to make a fi-,ioe dis- plav. # Carnation Plants in the Open. All border carnations may be allowed to re- main in the open ground during the winter, but any that show signs of suffering from severe weather shoald have a layer of short manure put well up to and round each stem. They must not be moved or trans- planted at present, as they would never grow again, but a little protection of the kind stig- gested will prove very beneficial. Import Statistics. As indicating the scarcity of apples every- where this year, the statistical returns of the Board of Trade show that during the month of November the importation of applei amounted to 688,068 bushels, or over 230,000 bushels lew than the corresponding month of last year. Oranges and lemoiis, on the other hand, show a very large increase, the total being 447,113 bushels. v Salsify as a Winter Vegetable. The salsify is commonly called the vegetable oyster, its flavour when cooked notbeingunlike these delicacies. In form it resembles a minia- ture parsnip. It is in season from November to April, and is one of the best and laest known of choice winter vegetables. It should be allowed to remain in the ground, and be dug up as required. Different Breeds in the Dairy. A contemporary says:— "Professor Jimes Long estimates that a Short- horn cow, giving 700 gallons of milk per annum, will yield 2501b. of butter at Is. 2d., and 600 gallons of skim-milk at 2d.—together, £ 19 114. 8J. The S:1me cow would yield 7001b. of cheese at 7d., whey il, and whey butter £ 1 10s., together £ 22 18 4 L; or her milk miy be solli at 7d. per gallon, yielding L20 8v. 4J. An Ayrshire cow, bein¡.: umaller, will re!utn in but'er-making JE15 ltK 8d., in cheese-iunkingj £ 18 15" and in milk-selling L17 104. A Chunnel Islands cow wili yield 500 gallons of milk and as much butter as tin Shorthorn, but not. so much skim milk, Tiio return in butter-miking will tie JE17 IS.. 4-J., in milk selling it, will be £ 16 13^. 4d., putting the value of the milk at. 8J, per gallon. Tlitj cost of keeping a large, cow of ilk nv>dcr*!e-sized Devon broed is JEM a year, including 41«. for labour, an acre of gra>s at 35s., and Is. a day for the food of the seven winter Uiunt hs." Holly Trees. These are rarely grown in any quantity. Their omission is a mistake, as they are amongst the most ornamental of all ever- gieer. trees, both the green-leaved and variegated being exceedingly pretty as bushes. Where cut evergreens arc required, they are admissible in the choicest of decorations. They should be freely planted in all gardens during the present winter.
The Source of "TheI Ancient…
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The Source of "The Ancient Mariner." [BY IVOR JAMES, CARDIFF,] Co-lNCtM.XCE No. II. It would be diflicult, I think, to draw a picture of more intense or "wondrous cold" iban is given in the preceding section in James's words. It would be easy from those words to infer the nature in part of the sufferings and misery of the crew. I 1 Expeditions more fatal have been made to the Arctic regions. There, 3-j0 years ago, Willoughby and his 70 men perished from the cold. Th- re, too, in our own time Frank- lin and his crew were lost in the ice and snow. Nothing so terrible happened to ths voyagers in the Henrietta Maria, but yet the horrors endured in 1631-2 were suili- j ciently extreme to suggest to Coleridge's mind the weird and dramatic dicing scene between Death and the nightmare, Lifc-in-Peath, on the skeleton ship. Salt food, no vegetables- in those days, and long afterwards, vegetables were not to be bad on board the best appointed vessels— unwholesome water, summer and winter alike; scurvy devoured the men. Mouths sore (1); teeth loose, gums swollen with black and rotten flesh, which it was necessary to cut away daily. The winter of 16!31 was spent on shore in a house built of the branches of trees and covered with the ship's (2) main-sail. Shoeless and stock- I itigless, or with "clonh (3; about their feet heads, sides, breasts, backp, thighs, and knees (4) aching and swoollen at one iiiiie two-thirds, then only five, then four able to work at all; at last the whole crew unable to work, scarcely able to walk about in the open; and yet the fires had to be kept up and supplies of firewood gathered in the neighbouring woods. "You may now ask me," says the captain, how these infirm men could work. I will tell you (5). Our surgeon, which was diligent and a sweet-conditioned man as ever J saw. would be up betimes in the mornings, and whilst he did pick tbeit- teeth and cut away the dead flesh from their I gums they would bathe their own thighs, knees, and legs." Whenever possible they applied poultices of green herbs to their sores. "There was no tree bud nor herb" but we made trial of it; and this being first boiled in a kettle and then put in a small tub, tubs and basins, they put it under them, and covering themselves with clothes upon it: this would mollify the grieved parts that, although when they did rite out of their beds they would be so crippled that they could scarce stand, yet after this was done half an hour they would be abl« to go (and must go) to wood through the snow, to the ship, aud about their other business." By night they were as bad again, and then they must be bathed, anointed, and their mouths again dressed before they went to bed." A guft of wind stcrteup behind And whistled through iiis bones, Through the holes of his eyes and the hole of his mouth liaif whistles and half groans." ff The pallid, sallow, hollow cheeks; the glazed and sunken eyes; the shrunken frames and protroding bones; the skinny noses, faces and bauds frozen white as paper—white as leprosy hair and beard and eyelashes with icicles hanging from tbem the poor frames already tasting of corruption these almost dead men, no longer, able to recognise one another by their habits or voices," moving about like walking pieces of snowy ice—like ghoets in the broad day Is that a Death aud are there two, I Is Death that woman's mate ? Her lips were red, her looks were free, Her locks were yellow as gold, Her skin was white as lepcosy, The Nightmare Life-in-Death is she Who thicks man's blood with cold." The spectral ship makes her appearance at I the Line. But what is the picture which Coleridge presents ? Not the equatorial sun, not a raging fever with a bounding pulse and the blood on fire. His mind reverts to the Henrietta Maria in the icy seas, and he paints the nightmare l.ife-in-l)eath with the red lips of scurvy and the leprous skin, white II as leprosy," white as paper," says James— "white frozen"—"who thicks man's blood with cold." The only sound men of all the company were the captain, the master, and the surgeon. Surgeon, master, and captain exerted I themselves to soothe the pains and to alleviate I the sufferings of the stricken ones. There, was, in truth, a wonderful sympathy existing between these companions in misery; but as the terrible dicing game was being played out and the fate of many was trembling in the balance, and one after another ceased his struggling in the final fatal grip of death, the thoughts of master and man must often have wandered back to other days, among happier scenes, to the homes of their childhood, glad- dened with the presence of father and mother, and brother and sister, and, perhaps, soieae- one nearer and dearer still." II There passed a weaty tiMe, each throat Was parched, and glazed each eye A weary time ? a weary lime, How glazed each weary eye!" What wonder if murmurs arose! On one from lb. first edition 01 the Auciati), MMuw." I 17^9* occasion, at least, something like the dread' spirit (6) of mutiny stalked along the deck, j The captain heard from among the men the whispered wish that he had been buried) before he had induced them to tempt. Fate, which seemed now, they said, -to have destined them all "to starve on a piece of ice." In circumstances not altogether dissimilar, twenty years pre-1 viously, the terrible tragedy which made the name of Henry Hudson immortal had occurred in those very waters. In all probability Captain James himself bad accom- panied Sir Thomas Button in fruitless search for the remains of poor Hudson and his party. What wonder, then, if now Captain James looked upon himself as the cause of all the miseries his crew were enduring, and thought within himself as he caught wistful eyes, the eyes of murderous mutiny, gazing on his own face—what wonder that Coleridgo should write:— A! wptf.a-day What evil looks Had I from old and young Ono after onll by the atar-doggod moon, Too quick for groan or sigh, Each turned his tncs with a gliastly p,ng, And cursed me with his eye. An orphan's curse would drag to lioll A ppiiit from on high. But. (,II! more horrible than that I* the curse in a deid man's eye." James's crew was assuredly like the Ancieni Mariner's, "a ghastly crew." No. Ilf. I have said that a serious argument, sup- ported by weighty evidence, might be adduced to prove the killing of the albatross to be the source and subject or the poem. I have also said that the incident colours the whole story from the sixty-first line. Nevertheless, it is, I think, only a very important incident, after all, and as such it was considered by Words- worth. It merely serves to introduce the penance. The plan of the poem in its general outlines had been matured in the mind of Coleridge before Wordsworth suggested the crime. Coleridge had determined to write a story of a sailor and the sea. He had deter- mined that the old navigator,.the name by which he delighted in after years to call the Ancient Mariner, was to be subjected to a spectral persecution as a consequence of some crime and of his own wanderings.; About the character of the wanderings there was no difliculty but he could not thiiili of a suitable crime. The statements of De Quincey and of Wordsworth are consistent with no other view, James's story was, it would seem,in Coleridge's mind. But that story presented the case of a sailor of very remarkable character, v.ho had not partaken of the roughness of the sea, the very impersonation of thoughtful kind- ness and exhaustless sympathy in his dealing* with his men; a man of Puritanic mood, in intimate, daily, habitual, personal communion with God, yet bowed down, like the Psalmist, under a sense of personal unwortbincss and sin, and in those high and lonely latitudes living a kind of life of self-imposed penance in all tiling?!.1 sare degree of severity, like the penance; afterwards kid on the Ancient Mariner of the poem. Coleridge found in James a man of prayerful spirit, walking close with God, and having frequent communings with his own soul. But the prayerful spirit, if any- thing, was less characteristic of the man th&r hi. loving, constant, endless care for thli partners of his fortunes, labours, and priva- tions. That hardy, resolute, indomitable heart was at the same time tender and self- sacrificing and unselfish as a woman. Ili* men were first and last in his thoughts throughout those eventful eighteen months —in the gloomy hours (and there were very many »uoh) of disappointment, danger, I anxietj", sickness, and death. The narrative is one long, thrilling description of a fearful struggle with the forces of Nature on unknown shores; of frightful storms in blinding mists and snows, in raging seas, among mountains and islands of ice resist- j lessly driving and crushing ship and all against other mountains and islands of ice or on, helplessly and hopelessly, to the equally cruel and ragged teeth of that rock-bound coast. The rut (7) of the ice," the harsh, hideous, grating of the ice grinding the piti- less shores eternally sounded like the knell of doom. The story throughout is one of terrors piled on terrors, until they weary with their endless monotony. But Coleridge found not a trace of unworthy conduct in the captain, who, in 'all other respects, admirably suited bis purpose. Crime of some kind was essential in the case. Ii Invent one," Wordsworth probably said. But what shall it be," said Coleridge. A crime of heinous character will not suit me," he may have added, for the Ancient Mariner I wish to draw must be the incarna- tion of kindness and goodness." I have been reading,J" replied Wordsworth, in Shelvooke's voyages, that while doubling Cape Horn they frequently saw albatrosses. Suppose you represent the old navigator as having killed one of these birds on entering the South Sea, and that the tutelary spirits of those regions take upon them to avenge the crime." There is something, at first sight, almost ludicrous in the suggestion, and Wordsworth and his sister and Coleridge must have laughed, loudly aud long but Coleridge's quick mind and eye saw at once that the incident, treated as he could treat it, was fit for the purpose," and he adopted it accordingly." These two master-minds acted and re-acted each on the other. Coleridge supplied Wordsworth with courage to pursue his great literary course, which, there is some ground to conjecture, he would have proved too timid to do in other circumstances. Wordsworth, on the other side, helped Coleridge to produce some of his most remarkable poems, and The Ancient Mariner as the greatest and the best of them all. But the killing of the albatross was only a convenient incident on which to I hang the penance. Ii Is it be, quo;h one-is this the man r The other was a softer voice, As soft as honey-dew Quoth he, the man hath penance dune, And penance more will do." The penance, undoubtedly, was one of the ¡ seeds of the poem. But whence came the idea of penance in connection with a sailor ? If we can determine that point, we shall not be far from the source of the Ancient Mariner. Does .Tames'a narrative contain any suggestion ? The captain's owa anxieties and mental sufferings must have been excessive in the extreme—a very real penance for what at times he must have con- sidered as his error in judgment and rash- ness in entering on the voyage, and inducing so many men to leave their families and their friends on an expedition which now threa- tened them with starvation from hunger, cold, and scurvy. The Polar demons, we know, came from Wordsworth. Does the narrative refer in terms to anything like 'a self-imposed penance, interpreted as such by the sufferer and specifically so named ? On page 30 we have the following quaint lines, written by Jamea in circumstances of greatest danger, near Sir Thomas Hoe's Island, on the 30th of September, 1032: — -— «— — — t The exact words are as follow "Much the greatest part of the story was Mr. Coleridge's invention, but certain parts I suggested for example, tome crime was to be committed which should bring upon the old navigator the spectral persecution as a con- sequence of that crime and of Ilia own wandttrinea. I had be»B reading iM 8helrooke'j Vimgej,' Xq, ¡ Mff, Nulo" 1 Oh my poor soule, why dost thou grieve to sfl* So m"ny deaths muster to murther mec ? Look to thysolf, regard not mee for I Must doe (for what I came), perrorme or die. So thou niay'st free thyself from being in A dung-hill dungeon-a mere sink of sin, And happily be freed if thou believe frulv in God, and uver live. fie therefore 21arl yet. L're thou ac henct For -iiiis, let's do$»>ue penitence Uttfeiaatdly together. When we part I'll with the angels joy with all my he-art. ITere we have angel ;o spirits introduced but we have also what is much more to th* point-a direct and unmistakable reference to penance as penance, though the word is written penitence." Coleridge's keen ej* instantly detected the verbal error, but hill mind fixed on the thing-the penance. lIel" we have, I believe, the first idea of tbO penance which, with the further help of the strangle narrative, Coleridge elaborated into the weird and beautiful poem which for nearly a hundred years has excited, and still more than ever excites, the wonder of tb* readers of English poetry. No. IV. Let us continue the comparison of voyaj* and ballad :— ^But soon there breathed a wind on me, Nor sound nor molion m'tdc; It* path was not upon I he se.i, in tipple or in shade. It raised my Inir, it fnrinod my cheek Like <\ meadow gale of spring It mingled strangely with my fears, Yet it felt like a welcoming. Swiftly-, swiftly flew the ship, Yet she sailed soltly, too Sw, e,l.r, swectlv b"ew titti bre.zot, Oa ma alone it blew Let the reader, before he goes further, asfc himself what is the interpretation he haf given to those lines. What precisely does the poet mean by them P hat and whence that breeze of which the ¡; path was not upon the sea P" It ble, upott the Ancient Mariner alone I liat breeze was not a breeze of earth. Wa* it; a breeze from Heaven ? James in his venes proceeds to say that hitherto he had trusted to the g-uidance of the compass. But he says to his soul Now, thou mint steer by fiihh, a bftter 'j e 'e 'Twill bring tln-9 safe to Heaven a- Ill' Of S dan's malice. Now let quid gales Of saving grace illspiro thy zealous s iyles." Tbe welcoming wind, without sound of motion-its pith not upon the sea—sweetly fanning the hair and cheeks of the Ancient Mariner, was it not identical with the quiet gales of saving grace which inspired th* zealous sails of Captain James's own soul ? There is a striking conformity and corre* spondence between the penance of the poell1 and James's Ii penance." They are the saiiio in kind, almost to the minutest- particulars. They differ only, as I have already remarked, in degree of severity. Close conformity and correspondence can scarcely be accidental- Coleridge, had he tried to do so, could never have produced anything more horrid and ghastly than the details of the suffe-rin(riof the men of the Henrietta Maria. He took the facts and dressed them in part in a super- natural garb. The gem is one and the same, the only difference is in the setting. A similar remark equally applies to tho breeze"' of the poem and the "quiet gales of the narrative. It may be interesting to note that the penance 1 and the quiet gales" come togc ther in a dialogue which occupies only 20 lines of verse. r IfOTK.—1. p. 63 2. p. 60; 3, p. 64; 4, pp, 03-t: '&, p. 11; 6, p. 92 7, pp. S-1S. (T. be conI imud.) I
ENCOUNTAR WITH A BEAR.
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ENCOUNTAR WITH A BEAR. Messrs. Bos'ock':sRoyf)t Menagpria is performing in Birmingham, and as Orenzi, the lion-t*mcr» was performing with r. bear the brute attacked him, and lit hitu through the fleshy part of lite arm. The audience screamed, and this caused tbo bear to lose its hold, and the keeper dealt it A heavy blow on the head with a cudgel. Th* keeper then left the cige, and was taken ti th* Ganeral Hospital. After his injuries had bee" attended to, however, Orenzi returned, an-J went into the den again, aad made the auimal g° > thrcugh the usual performance.
DRESSED IN MALE ATTIRE.
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DRESSED IN MALE ATTIRE. At Croydon retty Sessions on Siturday JatiO Russell, 41, described as a married woman, Of .South Croydon, was charged with being dressed III male attire, and thereby causing a crowd to assemble.—A police-constable stated that on Ute previous afternoon he saw the prisonei in Church- street dressed ia a suit of corduroy an(I a liarli felt hat. She was shopping, and was in no way disorderly. P:isoner said she meiely did it for • joke. Her husband knew she was going to put 00 the clothes, but he did not know that she going into Croydon in then:. A friend had dare« her to mifqucrade.—She was bound ovsr to keep the peace, and fined 5s.
THE LATEST CLIFTON BRIDGE…
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THE LATEST CLIFTON BRIDGE SUICIDE. Identification of the Body. At the inquest on Monday held on the man whO threw himself from Clifton Bridge, the body vvxf identified as that of Mr. George Henry Davics, gentleman of independent means, living Ucklield, Sussex. He married two years ago, and his wife since lenrned he hid been in an IIsyluøt. On November 29 he left home without explana- tion, and from time to time sent letters to his ,without addresses. A verdict of "Suicide duriag temporary insanity" was returned.
SCENE IN A MUSIC-HALL.
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SCENE IN A MUSIC-HALL. At Worcester Music-hall a local troupe of amateut minstrets were announced to give a performance and a large audience assembled. Dissatisfaction was expressed at tho delay in beginning, but wliflf1 it was found that the performers did uot coined to expectation there was a great uproar. TM minstrels were so frightened at the attitude of tb8 audience that during the interval they escaped The people in the hall were so cnrogeJ that* serious disturbance was only averted by the arrivjjl of tho police.
A RUSSIAN MURDERER ARRESTED…
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A RUSSIAN MURDERER ARRESTED IN LONDON. At Bow.street Police-court, London, of Monday, Charles Davies, alias Panagaerrtib ,a Russian, was charged on aa extradition warrant with committing murder in Russia Prisoner was convicted of stabbing a man ill Whitechapel last June, and while serving a tence of four months' imprisonment inquirill were made which resulted in the present chargo against liim. It is alleged that six years ago M shot a man in a public-house brawl, and also shtj thesonoftbe same man who endeavoured 9 effect his arrest. He was remanded.
" Nora, the Blacksmith."j
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Nora, the Blacksmith." j It is reported from New York that a beautiful girl, named Nora, whose photograph and lo letters have bewitched hundreds of men into sen*; ing her mosey or railroad fares to join then, tuiPj out to be a young blacksmith, at Oouba. He IP." been arrested. » ;•
Advertising
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MANHOOD RESTORED, REMEDT FBEE.—A victif of youthful imprudence, causing Permanent Deoi £ Nervous Debility, Lo»t Manhood, to., baring trledjjj vain every known remedy, hu dUcerered a timjff f self-cure, which he will «eud rasa to hit feltow <«&' erew.—Addreii W, 1, TwVifowt, Seuthw^ LONLW, 9>9» (GT«'