ISMITIIFIELD.|1848-08-18|The Principality

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SMITIIFIELD. MONDAY, AUGUST 14.-Tlie nulrket to-day was very mode- rately supplied with foreign stock, especially beasts and calves yet the demand for it was in a very sluggish state at barely stationary prices. Although the supply of sheep was on the decrease, the sale for that description of stock was in a very sluggish state, and last week's prices were with difficulty supported. » Price per stone of SIbs. (sinking the offal). Beef 3s 21 to4s 2d Veal ..3s. 4d. to Is. 4d. Mutton' 3 10 .5 0 I Pork 3 10 .4 6 Lambs 3 10 5 0 HEAD OF CATTLU AT SMITIIFIEI.D. Beasts. Sheep & Lambs. Calves. Pigs. Monday 3,196 26,740 333 290

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LATEST CURRENT PRICES OF METAL. £ s. d. £ s. d. IRON—Bar a ..Wales ton 5 15 0 to 6 0 0 Loiicloii 6 15 0 Nitil rocls 11 7 15 0 Hoop (Staf.) 8 15 0 Sheet 9 15 0 Bars „ 8 10 0 Welsh cold-blast foundry pig. 3 10 0 4 5 0 Scotch pig b, Clyde. 2 6 6 Rails, average— —■—- — 6 0 0 Chairs '—1 4 Russian, CCND c ——— -17 0 0 psi Gourieff -—• ■—■ Archangel — 13 0 0 Swedish el, on the spot. ———— — 11 5 0 Steele, fagt — 15 0 0 „ kegs e —13 10 0 COPPER-Tile f. ——— 78 10 0 Tough cake 79 10 0 Best selected ———— 82 10 0 Ordinary sheets, lb ———— 0 0 9 bottoms •— 0 0 10 YELLOW METAL SHEATHING — 0 0 71 TIN-—Common blocks g. ciet. ———— 3 15 0 1. 11 bars. ———— 3 16 0 Reined. 3 18 0 Straits A 3 14 0 Banca 4 0 0 TIN-PLATES—Ch., IC i, box. I 8 0 1 10 0 ix 1 14 0 1 16 0 Coke, IC 1 5 0 1 6 0 ix 1 11 0 1 12 0 LEAD—Sheet 7c ton. -17 0 0 Pis, refined — 18 0 0 16 0 0 — 16 10 0 Spanish, in bond ■— 16 10 0 Re<j — 18 10 0 Dry Wliite' — 23 0 0 Shot (Patent) 19 10 0 SPELTEII—(Cake) I on spot. 13 5 0 13 15 0 for arrival ZINC—(Sheet) m export 20 0 0 — 21 0 0 QUICKSILVER it lb — 0 3 6 a Discount 2j per cent. b Net eacib. c Discount 24 per cent. d Ditto in bond. i Discount 3 per Cent. k Ditto 2k per cent. l Net cash. In kegs i and g-inch. f Discount 3 per cent. g Ditto 24 per cent. Net cash, m Discount li pe-r cent, n Discount 1J per cent.

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Family Notices

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,a..u. :JDírtb;. On the 31st ult., at Newport, Pembrokeshire, the wife of Capt. Thomas Williams, of the brig rARlA of Cardiff, of a daughter. On the Ithinst., at George-street, Pontypool, the wife of Mr. David Lewis, butcher, of a daughter. On the 5th inst., at Bradwell House, Bucks, the lady of Joseph Bailey, Esq., of a son. On the 5th inst., at Abertlare, the wife of Mr. Evans, druggist and sta- tioner, of a son. On the 5th inst., tae wife of Mr. John Edwards, grocer, Pembroke Dock, of a daughter. On the 6th inst., at Dyffryn Pennar, thB lady of Henry A. Bruce, Esq., of a daughter. On the 6th inst., at Pontypool, the wife of Mr. John Jones, of the Wheat Sheaf, of a daughter. On the 6th inst., at Abergavenny, the wife of Mr. John Morgan, draper, of a son. On the 7th inst., at Usk, Mrs. Thomas Watkins, of Windsor-place, Cardiff, of a son. On the 11th inst., the wife of Mr. David Thomas, Dynevor Arms, Ponty. pridd, of a daughter. y61 a H í ft grž. On the 6th inst., at Ross Church, Herefordshire, by the Rev. Geo. Gar- bett, illr. Edward Prosser, of the magistrates' office,.(Brecon, to il/iss "Uary Morgan, of the same town. On the 9th inst., at the Independent chapel, Treoos, by the Rev, J. D. Williams, Bridgend, the Rev. J. Hopkins, Newton Nottage, to Mrs. Arr, Bridgend. Oil the 12th inst., at High-street chapel, Merthyr, by the Rev. Thomas Davies, in the presence of Mr. Lewis, Registrar, Mr. John Railons, to Miss Sarah Davies. On the 13th inst., at Church, by the Rev. Chancellor Williams, Mr. David Rees, to Jemima Brooks, both of that place. Lately, at Shiloa chapel, Tredegar, by the Rev. W. the Rev. Tho. Williams, of Llungloffan, Pembrokeshire, to Miss Jenkins, of "Ebbw Vale. Demfjg. 01 the 20th ult., at Dowlais, Mr. John Cross, jun., batcher, aged 25. On the 2nd inst, at Llangendeyrn, JJlrs. Ann Davies, the niotherof Mr: John Davies, spirit merchant, Merthyr Tydfil. On the 7th inst., very suddenly, at an advanced a, much respected by all who knew him, Mr. John Jones, landlord of the Black Horse, Water- street, Carmarthen. On the 7th inst., at Ynys-y-gored, "Merthyr; aged 40, Mrs. Purchase, the lady of Edward Purchase, Esq., sincerely and deeply regretted. On the 7th inst., at Aberdare, Mrs. J. Evans, grocer, to the irreparable grief of her family and friends. On the ilth inst., aged 68, Ann, the wife of Mr. John Jones, haulUer, Tyd- fil's well, Merthyr. She had been a member of the esleyan connexion for many years. On the 1.1th inst., aged 8 months, Elizabeth, the infant child of Mr. Evan Davies, coal agent, 1\fer'hyr Tydfil. On the 12th inst., aged G7, Mr. George Stephenson, the celebrated en- gineer.. He died at his establishment in Derbyshire. On the 13th inst., at Hirwaun, Mrs* Watkins, the beloved wife of Sir. John Watkins. Printed and published by the Proprietor, DAVID EVANS, at his. Office, No. 7, North-street, (ncnr the Savings Bank,) in the town of Cardiff, in the parish of St. John the Baptist, Glamorganshire. Friday, August 18,

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tcrly waves, the two pril c'pal systems common to Europe, the mcsc prominent subject being that particular curve known as the great symmetrical wave of November;" and the third em- bodying the results that have been obtained during the last Tear, illustrative of the symmetry of the great wave," more particularly the locality of the greatest symmetry, and the de- parture of symmetry in certain directions. The stations where the observations of the report have been made were Alten in Pinmark, St. Petersburgh, and Langen in Russia, and Geneva i:i S witzerlanù. The entire area thus embraced extends from Ireland to the eastern borders of Europe; and from Geneva to the northern extremity of the same continent, including 47 deg. longitude, and 23 deg. latitude. The reading of the report was followed by an animated con- versation, in which Lieut.-Col. Sabine, Dr. Stevelly, and Sir \V. Snow Harris joined, all deeply regretting that this was the lust report to be expected from Mr. Birt. J. Scott Russell, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., read a paper on the effect on sound of the rapid motion of the observer." After so-lie general statements on the ordinary transmission of sound, Mr. Russell proceeded to explain a series of experiments which he had made on the sounds of railway trains. The sound heard inside a train is different from that heard without it. It will be differently heard also by an -observer in a state of rest to that of an observer in a state of motion. The sounds produced by the railway whistle, the bridge, and that "most shocking and terrible of all" the tunnel, were then noticed. A minute analysis of the nature of the sound in each was given, and Mr. Basseli concluded by stating that it would be necessary to in- crease the speed of railway travelling to double its present ve- locity or to 112 miles an hour before railway sounds would become agreeable and harmonious. Sir David Brewster thought that the phenomena noticed by Mr. Russell was the result of the interference of direct sound with fundamental sounds, and that their explanation was to be sought rather in physiological facts than in the theory of mo- tion so ingeniously advocated by Mr. Russell. He believed that very similar phenomena existed in regard to light. Sir W. Snow Harris thought that as sounds were propagated by undulation, which was not the case with light, the theory of Mr. Russell might be exempt from the objection of Sir D. Brewster. A very animated discussion took place after the reading of a paper on some new relations of the diamagnetic forces," by Professor Plueker, of Bonn, in which Professor Faraday, Sir W, Snow Harris, Dr. Lloyd, Sir D. Brewster, and W. R. Grove, Esq., joined. The experiments of Professor Plucker in order to ascertain the effect of the optic axis were thought highly important, and Professor Faraday expressed his inten- tion to carry on the investigation, with a view of arriving at more definite conclusions. Sir David Brewster read a paper on the visual impression upon the foramen centrale of the retina," and another on the vision of distance, as given by colour." Objects drawn on the same plane, he stated, appear at different distances to the eye, though drawn at a plane of equi-distance. The same differ- ence of distance can be given by colour and without form. This will appear on inspecting a map of any continent where the boundary lines of different countries are given in various colours. If those colours will be red and blue, and when ob- served by bi-oeular vision, the one colour will appear raised above the other. This phenomenon depends on the focus of the rays. The business of the section concluded by the reading of three very mathematical and abstruse papers, by Mr. Stokes, the seerecary, on the perfect blackuess of the centre of New- ton's ring;" "on the refraction of light beyond the critical an<-ieand on a difficulty in the theory of light." SECTION B.—CHEMICAL SECTION. Mr. J. Palmer Budd then read a highly interesting paper on the advantageous use made of the gaseous escape from the blast furnaces of Ystaiyfora. lie commenced by stating his pleasure in having the opportunity of laying before the distinguished sci- entific and practical men, who were assembled at this meeting of the British Association, what he believed to be one of the most im- portant practical improvements yet introduced in the iron trade, -and the application of wnich, if his views were correct, would ul- timately lead to such a radical change in the furnaces and in the smelting of iron as raurt alter the whole aspect and practice of its metallurgical operations in this country. He invited all those members of the association who felt an interest in the subject, to inspect ilie improvement, he should detail, in operation on a large sc at Y-italvfera. After alluding to the great economy in the manufacture of iron to which the further applications of this pro- cess would ultimately lead, Mr. Budd proceeded to say, that even if the saving on the tonnage were small, the aggregate of the an- nual quantity was so great as to make the total gigan- tic. Taking the annual produce of iron in Great Britain at 1,5'SO,000 tons, a saving of even Is. per ton on the cost of production, amounted to the large sum of £ 75,000. There was no detail of the iron trade that appeared to be a more s an ling reproach tlun the non-utilization of the enormous escape of combustible gases, heated to a vcy high tempera- ture, that is constantly taking place from the tops of blast furnaces. Some of these enormous crucibles yielded 150 tons, and even in Scotland 200 tons of iron a week devoured an- nually from 300 to 400 tons of coal, and 4,030 and 5,000 feet of air as blast. These great crates vomited forth murky volumes of smoke a-;d llaine, which pass wastefully away to contaminate the atmosphere. Mr. Budd then alluded to various processes which lJètL been unsuccessfully attempted with the view of obtaining the required results. The fatal obj. ctioa to all these plans was, that in etwe of derangements of the apparatus, the operations of the furnace had -to be suspended during repairs. Another seriesof •jtdernpts took an opposite direction. The gases were collected and earned to a reservwir or gasometer, and passed through water, pumps were employed to force them towards a point ■vviseiice they were afterwards burnt in a gas furnace. This ap- plication did not however prove successful, notwithstanding that various pa.eats had been taken out for the application. Truly necessity was the mother of invention, and hence it was that his attention was directed to the subject. He, however, laboured under considerable difficulty arising from the circumstance of h s 11U anthracite coal, which could not be made to drive like coke. In Ins atiempts to use the escape from the tunnel head, he nei- ther made the apparatus fast of the furnace, nor attempted to burn the gases. The stove was built along the furnace, and by means of a stack about 25 feet, higher than the top of the furnace, he drew into it as much of the heated air and flame as he required. From its simplicity this plan was eminently successful, his appa- ratus being nearly three or four horizontal flues of about twe ve iJehes diameter, constructed about three feet below the top of the furnace, and leading into an adjoining chamber or stove, provided with a stack which marked the draught; into this stove he was en- abled to drain as much of the gaseous escape as he required, or by means of a damper on the stack"as liltle as he chose. The quan- tity required to produce hot blast was not more than about one- sixth of the quantity passing off the tunnel head. He could honestly boast that his plan was as simple as a boiler to supply hot water at the back of a kitchen grate. Mr. Budd then di- rected the attention of the audience to an ingeniously constructed model of the furnace and apparatus, consisting of the horizontal flues from the furnace to the stove, the stove or heating chamber, the HaCK which created the draugt, and drew the gases through the horizontal flues, the damper on the stack, the 48 upright heating pipes through which the blast of air passed, the cross-pipes on which the uprights are fixed, the side pipes conveying the blast to -the cross-pipes, the upcast pipes conveying the cold air to the stove, the down cast pipes conveying the heated air from the stove to the boiler, the front door, by opening which and closing the. damper, the draught is reversed, and a current of cold air intro- duced through the stove by which it may be cooled down in a few hours, so as to adit.it of men entering it. Mr. Budd then enume- rated the advantages arising from the applications of this process over all others hitherto tried, one of which was the much greater durability of the appartitas. That which was erected by him nearly forty years since, being now as good as new. The lecturer then proceeded to review the probable objections to these app.i- cations by practical men, the whole of which Mr. Budd deemed to be un enable. The expense of this plan was one-third less than the ordinary, as it respected the creation of a stove, the saving ro him being about £ 547 per year, which on ten furnaces the full extent of the works would be £ 5,470 a-year. Mr. Budd con- cluded by entering largely on the details of the subject, and ex- pressing a hope that this important subject would attract the at- t, liion of those engaged in the iron trade. Mr. B. resumed his se it amidst much applause. Mr. Jones,-C,i £ of London, then offered a few observations on Mr. Budd's paper, more especially in reference to the application of the process in gas manufactures. D Percy, f.R.S., nest favoured the section with an oral dis- oour e on the allays of Turgeten with copper and other metals The learned doctor detailed the results of various experiments he h d nude in connexion with the question, but the communication, although of much interest to the parties directly connected with thlse peculiar branches of manufactures w..s of too echn cal a chsrac er for the general reader. A spirited discussion toos p' C, in which Mr. Perceval Johnson and Professor Miller too.. P lrt. r.ofessor Miller, F.R. ne<t lead t short paper, being an t: alysis of wrought iron prodiced by c mentation from cast" rm i. s iearaed loleisor's paper caatiste t of the det, il of the re- I J sults of a series of experiments on the subject, made at some of the Staffordshire iron works. Dr. Percy addressed the section on the importance of the subject, but differed from some of the con- clusions to which Professor Miller had arrived. Other gentlemen offered a few brief observations. Mr. J. Tennant then made a short oral communication on some pseudomorphus crystals from voleanic districts of India. The notice was in reference to some beautiful specimens which the writer, previous to his leaving London for Swansea, had accidentally purchased for a mere trifle, at a sale of mineral curiosities, just as the auctioneer was about knocking them down. At the conclusion of the paper, Mr. Hunt the secre- tary announced that the further sittings of the section stood adjourned to Monday, and that the paper by the Rev. Thomas Exley on the laws of chemical combinations, and the volumes of gaseous bodies, would be postponed to that day. SECTION D.—GEOLOGY. Sir Henry de la Beche commenced by saying that it had been very properly observed by Dr. Percy, that in assemblages of this kind there were two parties, those who were well skilled in the subject which might be under discussion or consideration, and those to whom the subject was new and who required informa- tion respecting it of an elementary character. The area which was proposed to be described was one of great interest, whe- ther considered as a portion of the geology of the island in which we live, so fruitful in geological phenomena, or as a dis- trict of great importance to our country from the abundance of mineral wealth, which it contains. The Cambrian hills, to which we all looked up, had all been raised from the bottom of the sea and in noticing their eleva- tion we had to regard four orders of rises. The first, those which were vomited forth from the earth, and of which the modern volcano is an example; the lava or igneous produce of that action forming igneous rocks—rocks which had been melted and thrown up in various ways. The abrasion of these rocks from various causes, chiefly aqueous by seas, such as the action of breakers along the cliffs of our coasts or their disinte- gration by atmospheric influences, a principle which is in action in our day, as all stone is liable when exposed to the air, to crumble away in powder but water, in the shape of rain, rivers, or waves of the sea, wears it down still more quickly. The particles thus disengaged were Transported to the bottom of the sea or lake, where, pressed by a vast weight of water above, and exposed to the heat which seems to reside in the interior of the earth, they would readily be consolidated into beds of rock. The third class of rocks are those which were chemically depo- sited from some solution. In clay slate we see the progress of chemical action clay being a substance found in three of the ingredients of granite-mica, felspar, and hornblende. The fourth order were those which contained remains of animal life in different parts. The lecturer then briefly referred to detrical action, and to the com- position of rocks in general. Rocks being composed of some of these arrangements —They were either formed of multitudes of creatures which were once living ;of matter, which was mechanically sus- pended in water; -or from grains of matter which were the re- sults of the disintegration, or abrasion of previously existing rocks. If the disintegrating cause or principle had alone operated from the beginning of the world, all the dry land might have, ere now, been worn away into the sea, so that there would have been no ground for man or beast to live upon but the elevating cause or principle, balances and makes up for it. The first portion he would notice was the Cambrian, or Silurian rocks,-callecl Silurian because found at the surface of this country, where the Sdures lived in the time of the Romans. In Pembroke- shire, the cathedral of St. David's stands upon some of the oldest rocks of this kind. In North Wales, in the present day geologists found evidence of the existence of volcanoes at the period when the Silurian rocks were at the surface of the earth. Those volcanoes had thrown up matter, ashes and other things, which fell into the sea, and were accumulated in the same manner precisely as we now see at Mount Etna. By the working of fire underneath the crust of the earth, rocks formed at the bottom of the sea are raised, either by sudden convulsions or gradually, above the level of the sea, so that they become dry land again. Islands have been thrown up in this manner in some seas within the memory of many persons living. And this is the reason why sea-shells are found in great quantities on ground far above the present level of the sea. Which is the most stable, the earth or the water? Many people #were surprised to hear that it is water. The earth is a thing which, from the earliest state of existence up to the present moment, has been heaving up and down. The most stable portion of it is the sea. The crust of the earth has been moving up and down from the earliest times, and continues to do so at this day. Professor Ramsay proved it to be taking place at Builth, where the stratifi- cation was greatly contorted and twisted. By this upheaving at early periods islands were formed after which materials were con- stantly drifting over them, forming, in the course of time, a suc- cession of beds of many thousands of feet in thickness. Then they came to the old red sandstone rocks, a specimen of which is seen at Cefn Bryn, in Govver,jvhich was composed of detrital matter in large abundance, with, here and there, calcareous matter. The contortions and twistings of the earth's crust made rocks be mixed as they were now found. The old red sandstone system is chiefly composed of beds of red sandstone; but in the upper portion of the lagers assume a yellowish cream colour, and are very soft and fine in texture. In those rocks were some beautiful specimens of jasper. There were also streaks of blue and green, which were caused by the decomposition of vegetables which then rested on those rocks. The stratification or series of rocks did not always appear uniform and in regular succession, for the order seemed to have been interfered with. For example, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 were not always to be found so, as Nos. 1 and 3 followed each other; and in cases of this kind the phenomenon was called an "overlap,"—No. 3 overlapping No. 2. A person in Pembroke- shire, studying the Silurian rock, would have no evidence of the existence of a series of other deposits, which are to be seen in Herefordshire and Shropshire more particularly. Associated wi h the red sandstone system were beds of conglomerate, entirely composed of pebbles, from the size of a pea to that of a man's head these pebbles being firmly consolidated or cemented toge- ther. The beds of this rock, although from 20 to GO feet in thick- ness, are simply the gravel of early seas. The mountain limestone was next referred to, Sir Henry face- tiously observing that it was called mountaiu limestone'' first in Ireland, because every valley was full of it. Upon this rock the remarks of the Dean of Westminster and the Dean of LIanchff were referred to and quoted; and specimens might be seen of it in Pembrokeshire approaching the coast. The mountain limestone group consists chiefly of thick beds of limestone, resting upon dark-coloured shale (stone for.ned of mud) and layers of white sandstone. They were many hundred feet in thickiiess. There were beds made up of hardly anything else but little encrinites. Then there were masses of corals, composed of matter secreted by animals, which was taken up and re-deposited. Passing from the limestone, Sir Henry came to great masses of accumulations, to which the name of coal measures had been given. This group comprises, amongst beds of ironstone, sandstone, and shale, beds or seams of coal. There can be no doubt but that coal is composed of the remains of immense quantities of trees and shrubs which once, grew green oa dry land." The aggregate thickness of beds of coal is from 80 to 90 feet. Those beds have layers of sandstone and shale between them. Some very interest- ing remarks were then made on the formation of coal. Coal un- doubtedly is the production of vegetation. Now, had it been drifted to the spot, where it was found in the present day P into the position where it was now found ? There was evidence to show that it grew upon the spot where our colliers now found it. That involved, of course, some change in its condition, as this ve- getation grew in the ordinary manner. "SVhat was the probable condition under which this vegetation existed? Mr. Logan, for- merly of Swansea, was the first who discovered that under every coal-bed in this country a particular state of things was found so that under every true coal-field we find particular plants, which we could not at all doubt were the position in which they grew. We see filaments running away from and joined to a trunk, so that we come to the conclusion that they are in the po- sition in which they grew—that they have never been moved. There seems to have been a silt, or a kind of mud, in wh ch the;e tilings grew. Recent investigations prove that there are also roots of other plants, not entire plants. The bottom beds were the source of roots, and above we get coals. This coal was once a mass of vegetation, there could be no doubt. The plants, which form a coal field, when growing, required an atmosphere. When the atmosphere no longer existed for them, by their being submerged, their growth ceased. Depression ensued the plants were sub- merged. Silt, or sand, or other similar matter drifted over those plants and if we conceive a series of processes of this de- scription going on for a series of years, we have the formation of coal measures and their structure answers to this theory. We see that there was a depression of the ground and supposing con- stant depression to be going on, the accumulation of water rose over it,—deposits would take place from drifts,-a surface in con- tact with the air would he again formed, and would be aguin in condition for the growth of the same kind of plants and so veins of coal were found one above another. There must have been times when the earth would be even with the surface of water, and i hen the condition for the growth of plants would have arrived. Reference was then made to plants, shrubs, and trees which were brought down the river Tawe by floods which plants, &c., were deposited in the Mumbles, in. the shale of which bench the %• remains of such things were to be found in great variety, having evidently been drifted there. The quarry at Town-hill, near Swansea, was also referred to for instances in which plants had been found pressed against the formation of the rock. Fresh water shells were also found in the lower coal measures. The formation of ironstone was, in its order, spoken of. The particles of which it was formed having been held in solution in water at the time it was deposited and deposited, it was accom- panied by mud therefore, the per centage of muddy matter makes a difference in the quality of the ironstone,—the less mud the better the ore would lie. Different kinds of ironstone were named. The disturbances of the earth's crust was dwelt upon fot some time. Many disturbances were local and not extensive. Many changes had taken place in the relative position of the land and sea. At Bridgend, at some miles inland, there were the remains of an old sea c.)ast. The state of the globe at various epochs had been widely different, especially as regarded the area above, and the area under water. Those changes had probably provided the succession of rocks which we now see a succession of life, also, in various conditions. We saw how life altered or changed in one condition more than in another. The new red sandstone next came under review. Sandstone is in general formed of grains of quartz and other early rocks, worn away and deposited in the bottom of the seas, where it has been consolidated by pressure or otherwise. (C>nf:2!i.J!¿e frJ't/'th p 7,r7e.)

Papurau Newydd Cymru

The Principality

25 erthygl ar y dudalen hon

ISMITIIFIELD.

1'V"V'V"/\.>-/'V"/".r./'./"./,-/v..,/,\-"V".r./"./'-"V"../"/,/'\/'...,",-"f"\rv-v'V'..'"'JVVV'-'''''''''''''''-LIVERPOOL…

PROVISION MARKET.

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WOOL MARKET.

™.HOPS

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LATEST CURRENT PRICES OF METAL.

- OF WELSH MINING SHARES.

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ICARMARTHEN.

I ----HAVERFORDWEST.

----------------CARDIGAN.

NEWPORT.

----------------MERTHYR.

SWANSEA.

CARNARVON.

MOLD."

Family Notices

LONDON CORN EXCHANGE.

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COLONIAL MARKETS.'

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