Papurau Newydd Cymru
Chwiliwch 15 miliwn o erthyglau papurau newydd Cymru
14 erthygl ar y dudalen hon
GENERAL SIR GEORGE GREEN,…
GENERAL SIR GEORGE GREEN, K.C.B. Not a few of our readers possibly knew the late General Sir George Wade Guy Green, K.C.B., who passed away peaceably on the 27th ult., at Bedford Lodge, Cheltenham. Sir George Green was the third son of the Rev G. W. Green, M.A., of Court Henry, Carmar- thenshire. His mother was sister of Sir John Key, Bart., who was twice Lord Mayor of London, and M.P. for the City during the Reform Bill. Born on the 25th of April, 1825, at Tythering- ton Vicarage, in Gloucestershire, of which parish his father was the Incumbent, he came into Wales in 1832 when his family came to reside at Court Henry. His school-life was spent at Bridgnorth, in Shropshire, where he showed so much talent that Dr Rowley, the able headmaster, was desirous that he should proceed to the University, and had hopes of his substan- tial success there. But the lad knew better than his teacher the bent of his own genius, and wisely chose a military life. In spite of this natural propensity and of his subsequent career as a brave and well-tried soldier, we have üheard him say that he would on no occasion fight at school if he could honourably avoid it. He was of the same age as Napoleon and Marl- borough when he entered the army. Indeed he was obliged to wait in London for the completion of his 16th year before he was allowed to sail for India, which he did on the 28th of May, 1841, arriving in Calcutta on the 23rd of Sep- tember. His commission dated from June. He immediately proceeded to Ghazepore to join the 2nd European Bengal Fusiliers, now 104th Queen's, on the 31st December, and continued in regimental employ till August 1st 1845. Here, seeing the ill-effects of Brandy Pegs," he "registered a vow that he would not touch spirits so long as he was in the service, and he kept his vow faithfully, his one alcoholic beverage being bitter beer which he found agreed with Indian life, and left him a good constitution after many years' service there. In the latter end of 1844 he went with his regiment to Scinde, volunteering into the forlorn hope, and served throughout the whole expedi- tion under Sir Charles Napier .against the Hill Tribes on the Scinde frontier." Lieut. Green was too late by eleven days for the battle of Chilianwallah, and an unfortunate accident-a sprain in the ankle, which disabled him from going on foot, very nearly lost him a share in the battle of Goojerat which led to the annexation of the Punjab. But at last Brigadier Penny allowed him to act as his orderly officer so he rode into action. Brigadier Penny acknow- ledged his services both personally and officially in fflattering terms. "I have much pleasure," he writes (Despatch, 23rd February, 1849) "in bringing to the notice of the Major General the valuable assistance I derived throughout the day from Lieutenant Green, of the 2nd European Regiment, who attended me as orderly officer and conveyed my orders in so distinct a manner as to be highly creditable to himself and most useful to me." In the subsequent pursuit of the Sikhs and Afghans to Peshawur under Major General Gilbert, he twice served as Brigade- Major to the 3rd Infantry Brigade in the Army of the Punjab." At the recommendation of General Penny he was appointed (May 18th, 1849) second in com- mand of the 5th Punjab Infantry, and here pre- pared himself for his appointment as Command- ant of the 2nd Punjab Infantry (August 8, 1853). The date of his captaincy is November 24, 1853. He soon brought this regiment into an excellent state of efficiency. He would listen to no com- plaint except one made publicly in the Orderly Room, upon one occasion sending a man back who had come to make a side complaint, with orders to tell the regiment that the next man who did it should be well flogged and turned out of the regiment. The result of it was that the non-commissioned officers came and thanked him, for they had never before felt safe from any accusation that might be preferred against them. He was exceedingly strict on parade, but at other times he would talk freely with his men, showing an interest in their families and homes. It is needless to say that he was not only feared but loved by his men. They felt they could rely upon his justice and sympathy in camp, and upon his unflinching steadiness and determination in the field. In command of them Captain Green served in 1855 1857, under Brigadier Chamberlain in several expeditions against the Hill Tribes, on the frontier of Afghanistan, and Beloochistan, Urakzaies, Mirawzaies, and Bozdars. On the first of these expeditions the skirmishers of the second Punjab, were attacked and driven back by a sudden rush of the enemy sword in hand, when a native doctor and seven men were hacked in pieces, their rifles and accoutrements falling into the enemy's hands, but Captain Green, of whose conduct the Brigadier spoke very highly, allied his men under cover of the fire of two mountain-guns and retook the position." In the Bozdar expedition (March 1857), Captain Green advanced against the right and Major Cobe against the left of the enemy's position. The brunt of the attack (Brigadier Chamberlain's Brigade Orders) having fallen to the wings of the 1st and 2nd Reg. Punjab Infantry their services call for special notice, and the Brigadier begs to tender his grateful acknowledgment to Major Cobe and Captain Green for their in- trepid conduct." The Officers and men subsequently received the thanks of the Governor General, "for the excellent services rendered by them on that occasion." Within two months (May 18) the regiment marched for Multau, to assist in disarming the disloyal Native Regiments there. And on the 12th July, it proceeded, via Ludhiana, towards Delhi, where it arrived on the 14th August "with only nine men in hospital," although the distance from Ludhiana to Delhi, nearly 200 miles, had been traversed "in eight marches without a halt. Eleven days after this was fought the general action at Najafgarh, General Nicholson com- manded the column. The enemy were totally defeated, with a loss of 13 guns, camp equipage and treasure. Out of the 2000 in the column Captain Green had 400 in the field, and his services on the occasion were brought prominently to the notice of the Major-General" by General Nicholson who named in his despatch the Second Punjab Infantry, and praised them amongst others for their great "gallantry and steadiness." Major General Wilson, on receiv ing this despatch, recorded "his most hearty con- gratulations to the force, which had made a march of 18 miles over a country intersected with swamps at the end of which they fought an action with the enemy, variously estimated at from 4000 to 6000 men," and after the victory •• had to bivouac on the ground without food or covering of any kind." He records their steadiness and gallantry" and promises to bring them to favourable notice in his notice to the commander of the forces in the Upper Provinces." On the 14th of September, the storming of Delhi was effected, Captain Green with 450 men was in the 1st oolumn of 1000 men, under General Nicholson, which had to storm the breach near the Cashmere Bastion. Captain Green was among the wounded "by a grape shot, but fortunately it hit just below the ankle, and where his strap had been pinned up inside the trousers, and the cloth was in consequence some six folds thick. Notwithstanding, the ball cut his foot, turned the whole of his foot black and for three days it was so swollen he could acarcely put it to the ground. His pouch-belt also saved him from a nasty wound in the back. The bullet made a deep dent in the belt but did not get through it. The casualities in his Regiment were 43 killed and 64 wounded." He saw Nicholson, his general, after he had received his mortal wound Nicholson was a great friend of his and was always spoken of by him in terms of great affection. On the 24th of September the regiment moved with Colonel Greatbed's column towards Cawnpore, and fought at Bohindshur (28th), Alygurb (Oct. 5), and at Agra (Oct. 10). "The regiment arrived at Agra at 6 a.m., having marched during the night a distance of 30 miles. The battle hated about two hours. The p-irsuit was carried on for 7 miles. AU the enemy's guns (13 in number), and the whole of the camp equipage, baggage and ammunition fell into our hands. The regiment returned into camp at 8 p. m., having in 24 hours marched 44 miles and ¡ fought a general action without food." Colonel Greatbed wrote-" The steadiness of the 2nd Punjab Infantry under the most trying circum- stances reflects equal credit on Captain Green and the regiment he comuaauds. The gallant manner in which the Punjab regiment behaved and their untiring exertioaa aftor a inarch, with- out a halt, of thirty miles, deserves the highest admiration." The regiment arrived with the moveable column at Cawnpore on October 21st. It was now full four months since the brutal massacre there (June 27), and the traces of it were still visible in all their horror. All the walls are stained with blood (letter dated Oct. 29, 1857). There are the trees against which the poor little innocent babies had their brains dashed out, and locks of hair are to be found on each side of the pathway along which these incarnate devils (I can call them nothing else) dragged the bodies of their victims previous to throwing them down a well in the compound." Can we be surprised that a "thirst for revenge deep and dire was uppermost "in the heart of every man in camp. It seems like some horrible dream, and the place must be seen before any idea of the awful atrocities committed there can be realized." In the relief of Lueknow Captain Green exhibited much bravery and was favourably noticed. Captain Theophilus Green, brother of the subject of our notice, was amongst those relieved at Lucknow. This was followed by the relief of General Wyndham, who had been driven with 2,000 men into entrenchments with the loss of camp and baggage on December .9 7th. On the 6th of January, the regiment was with the Highland Brigade, scouring the country for rebels. They were at Lucknow on March 2nd, and formed part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Walpole. Capt. Green had meanwhile been made Brevet Major (19 Jan., 1858), for ser- vices during the seige of Delhi. For two whole days (letter 28 March) the gallant 2nd Punjab Infantry had to hold a garden, the walls of which were all down, exposed to a heavy fire of the enemy's artillery and musketry. You may imagine that we had no easy time of it when I tell you that I lost upwards of 20 men killed and wounded there without the satisfaction of kill- ing any of the enemy, who took care to keep well behind the walls." Three months ago, the regi- ment had lost upwards of 250 killed and wounded since they first came down to Delhi." The total loss of he regiment in taking Lucknow was 1 officer and 10 'men killed and 1 officer and 29 men wounded. The two Queen's Corps bri- gaded with them (each of which had more than double the strength of the 2nd Punjab), had not 30 casualties Detween them. Major Green's name was "honourably mentioned by Sir James Ontram, Sir H .pe Grant, and Sir Colin Campbell. For his services at the relief of Lucknow, he received the rank of Lieut.-Colonel by Brevet (March 24). We have no space to follow him and his regi- ment through the campaign in Rohilcund, the re- capture of Bareilly, and the homeward march to the Punjab. In September, 1858, Lieut.-Col. Green went home on medical certificate. He received an ovation in Carmarthenshire as one who sustained the character of Picton, Nott," and other Carmarthenshire heroes, having been made C.B. in July, for his services at the siege and capture of Lueknow In his regimental order, on leaving for England, he had recorded to his good fortune in being at the head of such officers and men, he is indebted for all the honours that have been showered upon him." In 1859, Col. Green married Ellen, daughter of W. Carter, Esq., of Troy, in Jamaica, and re sumed command of his old regiment in India, in March, 1860. He proceeded in April, under Chamberlain, against the Wuziri Tribe, and was in action again at the Burram Pass on the 4th of May. In 1866, Colonel Green officiated as Commandant of the Punjab Frontier Force, vice General Wilde on leave. In April of the follow- ing year, General Wilde presented the regiment with new colours, who wrote in his memorandum on the occasion to Colonel Green, Tell your Native Officers and men that the service per- formed by them under your command, both on this frontier and in Hindostan, are well known and highly estimated by the Government of India." He finally retired from the service in June, 1879 with the honoraiy rank of General, having been made Major-General in March, 1869, and Lieutenant-General in October, 1877. He was promoted to K.C.B. in June, 1877, ten years after he left India, and for 24 years his services have been lost to his country. During this period, he lived in retirement, regretting his enforced inactivity. In March, 1885, he read a paper before the Royal United Service Institution, on the Organisation and employment of Camel Corps in warfare." Lord Napier, of Magdala, was in the chair, who said in returning thanks, that "he well remembered their gallant friend General Green coming up to the relief of Lucknow, with his regiment of Punjabees, and how admirably he and his regi- ment had behaved." The only other occasion when his name came before the public was, when he wrote on behalf of Sir Frederick Roberts, his generous and forcible letter to the Times, concerning the planting of the Queen's colours by Roberts, on the roof of the palace at Luck- now. A valued testimony to General Green's character and ability has been written to his widow, since his death on November 27th, at Bedford Lodge, Cheltenham, by an old comrade- in-arms, who now occupies a very important post in this country—" I knew him better than many, a id always honoured and admired him, not merely for his soldierly qualities, which everyone knew of, but fur the simple, honourable, and kindly gentleman he was." Sir George Green was churchwarden at St. Luke's, Cheltenham, and treasurer of St Luke's school for six years. For the last two years of his life he was president of the Crescent Club. His funeral was attended by a large number of his brother officers and friends. One of the most grateful and appropriate tributes to his memory was alaurel wreath, which was sent by his friend, Mr F. Fitzgerald, brother of the Commandant of the Scinde Camel Corps. The wreath was lowered into the grave on the foot of the coffin.
REVIEWS.
REVIEWS. Hazell's Annual for 1892 gives the very latest details concerning the subjects noticed in its pages. As ,an instance of this, it will be noticed that the result of the London School Board Election (which was only announced late on November 27th) is recorded in the article School Board for London." Under the heading of Occurrences during Printing the reader will also find the most recent incidents prior to publication. The increased interest in individuals —the love of the personal," as Lord Beacons- field termed it-has led to the addition of one hundred new biographies, so that the book con- tains nearly one thousand of these articles. The questions which are now claiming so much public attention have been fully noticed in the Annual. A most exhaustive record of the Labour Legislation of the past, and a detailed account of State Pensions will commend themselves to the student of social politics. The many sections of Education, giving full particulars as to Manual Training," Higher Education of Women," Continuation Schools," etc., occupy much space. More than one hundred pages are devoted to Parliamentary matters, including the usual extensive record of the work of the Session Lists of the Members of both Hou>es of the Legislature New Acts the Reports of various Committees and Commissions complete details as to the Privy Council and history of Irish (Nationalist) Parliamentary Parties. General topics of interest are discussed under the titles- Banks, "Cabs," "Trade," Stock Exchange," "Yeomanry," Mercantile Marine," 'Omnibuses,' "Theosophy," Noms-de-Plume," Biology," Hypnotism." Full accounts of engineering accomplishments and legal decisions are also given. The book now contains 728 pages, being an increase of 160 pages as compared with the first edition.
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CHURCH DEFENCE NOTES.I
CHURCH DEFENCE NOTES. I II When they do agree, their unanimity is wonderful." Needless is it to add that, in respect of the so-called delegates at the Rural Reform Conference and their sentiments towards the 1 Church, it is also suspicious. Whom did these delegates represent? The Rev G S Reaney, who knows something of village life, and something of the ways of the political Dissenter, declines in a letter to the 71mes to accept theirs as the voice of the majority of villagers, and our own experience leads us to agree with him. Not long ago we were at a meeting of labourers in Surrey, convened to promote the extension of allotments. A deputation of vil- lagers bad waited on the rector and asked him to call the meeting. He did so, and there was a large gathering to meet him, and free inter- change of views, the whole subject being threshed out for a couple of hours, with the rector in the chair. Finally they agreed, on his advice, to form a small sub-committee to ascertain exactly how much land was needed, and then to approach the different landowners and state their wishes. They were recommended to form the committee out of their own number, but they were unanimous in their desire to have associated with them a clergyman resident in the parish, even though he pleaded an imperfect acquaintance with agricultural needs. Never mind that," said one man, we know he is always ready to help the poor." V Here, then, in a parish with several resident gentlemen, we have the labourers turning naturally, though many of them were Noncon. formists, to two clergymen for help. This is, we are confident, no solitary experience. There are, of course, parsons and parsons, as there are squires and squire?, and the parson who does his duty is, and ever will be, regarded as the best friend of the labourer-the only independent man to whom he can turn-whose removal from that independent position would be a sore disaster. V A correspondent of the Standard has given the first definite prick to the Anti-Church bubble of the Rural Conference promoted by Mr Schnadhorst. The gentlemen from the Eastern Counties who masqueraded as ploughmen and hedgers included a Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George," a well-known agitator who lives in the town of Ipswich," II an official Radical agent," an ex schoolmaster in the town of Stowmarket," the manager of a large works in the town of Thetford," a Radical agitator from Ipswich," a farmer," a solicitor," a large miller." This correspondent ilt also able to tell us that of the nine Eastern Counties delegates who addressed the Conference" one was a wealthy miller, three were well-known paid agitators, ene was a county councillor, three were farmers, and one had originally sprung from the labouring class." This is very interesting, but it will be still more so when the occupation of the speakers is attached to their utterances, and the world learns who the men are who are burning to dises- tablish the Church. It seetoa not unlikely that Mr Schnadhorst may regret the £ 15,000 said to have been spent on his smock frock farce. Mr Guinness Rogers has been giving a lecture on Mr Gladstone at Morley in Yorkshire. Mr Rogers not long ago spent a day or two with Mr Gladstone, and, not unnaturally perhaps, has hastened to make" copy" of it. There are some good things in the lecture, and some very questionable. Mr Rogers, thinks that Churchmen, as a rule, hate Mr Gladstone. Indeed, he declares that he has only met one Churchman who is a follower of him, which serves to show that Mr R)gers' knowledge of Churchmen is not large. The most significant confession in the lecture comes at the end. Mr Rogers declares that he is not such an idiot as to think that at eighty-two years of age Mr Gladstone is going to di,establish the English Church." And then he proceeds to say It was impossible, especially for a man like him, to ignore the existing state of things. They had an Established Church, the hoar of antiquity was on its brow, and the strength of moral wealth was in its bands. The aristocracy were with it, all the middle-classes were with it, the greater part of the weall h of the country still clung to it, and, worse of all. it had struck its roots deep into English society, so deep that they never knew when to come across them." Does Mr Rogers really think that it is "the t worst of it that the English Church has so struck its roots into English society ? Let him recall and ponder the words of his hero, Mr Gladstone The Church of England has not only been a part of the history of this country, but a part so vital, entering so profoundly into the entire life and action of the country, that the severing of the two woull leave nothing behind but a bleeding and lacerated mass. Take the Church of England out of the history of England, and the history of England becomes a chaos, without order, without life, and without meaning." It may be remembered that that worthy Liberationist champion, Mr Lloyd George, M.P., endeavoured to justify at Rbyl an elegant slander of his assooiating the Church revival iu Wiles with "the pewter pot," by asserting that "the recent Church Congress ran two or three beer booths on its ground." This was categorically denied by the Dean of St A-sitph, b-it reasserted by Mr George at Rhyl. The Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Congress has now clinched the matter. Mr Lloyd George's assert ion is" absolutely and entirely untrue." ."rllll Chuich Congress neither received, nor stipulated to receive, a single farthing, either directly or indirectly, from anybody for the use of the Congress grounds for the sale of any kind of refreshments." Mr Lloyd George is tolerably hardened, but we should think his friends and party must be growing ashamed of him. V A worthy comrade of Mr Lloyd George is Mr Fisher, of the Liberation Society. Speaking recently in the Isle of Wight, he observed— "Mr Gladstone intellectually could take all the Bishops on the Episcopal Bench and put them into a hole in his tooth without interfering with his mastication." Mr Helm, who replied to Mr Fisher at a closely packed and most enthusiastic meeting held at Cowes last Monday week, quoted this exquisite sentiment, and then reminded the audience of the very different estimate of the Bishops which Mr Gladstone had himself given utterance to at Glenalmond. We are not surprised to hear that many of the leading Dissenters in Cowes are much annoyed that Mr Fisher should have been brought there, and have so expressed themselves to their miniature. We commend Mr Fisher's language to the notice of Mr Carvell Williams, who has recently been congratulating the public on the improved tone shown in the controversy" on both sides.Church Times.
A WINTER NIGHT'S DREAM.
A WINTER NIGHT'S DREAM. During the greatest extension of this ice sheet in the last glacial epoch, in fact, all England, except a small south-western corner (about Tor- quay and Bournemouth), was completely covered ) by one enormous mass of glaciers, as is still the ) case with almost the whole of Greenland." -Grant Allen (in Falling in Love and other Essays'). My realm," so rang a strange voice in my dream, Shall now be far extended as of old, In those glad days when I was young, and drove The feverish sun before me to the South I looked, and lo! a wither'd Form and wan, Sceptred and crown'd, was throned upon a height— A gleaming iceberg 'neath the Polar Star. No living thing made answer, but the winds Roused into moaning at the frozen cry. Again he Flpake-H I have no care for life Of bird or beast, or of that senseless tribe Which plants, and builds, and weds, and wars, and weeps; To me more grateful seem wide wastes of snow Where all is dumb or, if there must be sound, I find my music in the hurtling hail, And winds that wail their anguish in the dark Or in the Ocean's thunder, when his waves, Baffled, still beat upon the crystal floor I spread for leagues about me as I move. "To-night that Island, fairest of the flood, Which once was mine, I go to claim again.— There foolish folk are sleeping in their beds, Who never more shall wake to see the sun. The old will shiver when they feel me pass, The young, unconscious, smiling, sleep in death. No mercy, none, need man expect from me- All, all shall perish in a single night The voice was silent or I heard no more, The terror of the vision made me start I woke-the dreamer of a wintry doom. JOHN JBRVIS BERKSFOBD, M.A. From Temple Bar, December, 1891,
NOTES ON AGRICULTURE.
NOTES ON AGRICULTURE. [BY MR EVAN JONES, M.A., OLD COLLEGE SCHOOL.] LIME.-ITS HISTORY AND USE. The rudiments of geology will tell us something about the origin and nature of the Calcareous rocks that form a significant factor in the constitution and formation of the world on which we dwell. Super- stitious and narrow-minded people treat this important branch of science in a very indifferent manner, yet it is of paramount interest to every cultivator of the soil. Geological researches and Chemical analysis have demonstrated to us that lime is not found in nature in a pure free state, and that it consists mostly of calcium and oxygen gas. We find it in large quantities in Limestone rocks, which are bluish grey m colour, smooth, hard, and fine-grained in character. Our forefathers recollect that lime was very freely and extensively used some thirty or forty years ago but at present the old custom has been abandoned, and the farmer has exchanged it for the cheap artificial manures, which can be bought at a more reasonable price, and conveyed home with less trouble. Alas not always to his own advantage. The Ualeareous. rocks are sub- divided into (1), the limestone proper (2), the chalk (3), the oolite (4), the magnesian (5), the dolomite (6), the marl, and (7), the gypsum. By proper treat- ment and thorough investigation, we find that all the above mentioned rocks consist of lime in combination with other elements. One writer says that the materials of which many of these rocks are composed have once been in solution in water, and have been abstracted by animals to build their shells and other hard parts. When the animals died their shells and skeletons sank to the bottom of the ocean, and formed a layer of limestone. The shelly parts are often broken up by the actions of the sea, and afterwards consoli- dated." As -I intend to revert to this subject again, I shall endeavour to place clearly before the reader the chief ingredients found in the nature of the above seven named Calcareous rocks. While examining our rocks and soil we generally meet with carbonate of lime," which is largely used for farming purposes. How if the soil deprived of its lime ? Every plant requires a certain amount of lime for its formation or building up, and this fact can be proved by examining the ash of the following :-Red clover, lucerne, tobacco, potatoes, sainfoin, kidney vetch, vetches, and the white clover. It is well to know that the animals which feed on these plants use most of the lime for the construction of their bones, and consequently the farmer can see that it will never reach the soil in the shape of manure. The soil is robbed of its lime by rain and surface water, which carries it in suspension to our fertile valleys or deposits in the Delta of our great rivers. Such a transportation of the fertile ingredients from our hilly districts often accounts for the richness of our alluvial soils. Again, lime tends to sink into the soil too deeply for the growing plants to reach and derive any real benefit from it. Now the farmer is in a position to see that the soil requires a continuous supply ot lime, in order to pro- duce and nourish a good crop. Lime can be applied to the soil in two conditions, viz., prepared or Durnt and raw or unburnt. It is very beneficial and econo- mical for the farmer to know what kinds of ground would be improved by the application of lime. Experience teaches us that lime can be used with excellent effect (a) on soils that are defective in it (b) on tough clays, and (c) on the soils which contain a large amount of organic matters. How does lime benefit the soil ? We are in a position to mention several. Firstly.-Lime has great influence on the mechanical properties of our soil. It renders it more porous, or it becomes lighter to work, that is, the ground can be more easily harrowed, ploughed, &c. It reduces the adhesive and cohesive powers of the soil, and, conse- quently, the expense of cultivation is not so high as in days gone by. Fresh air can discharge its fertilising influence more effectually aud thoroughly than when the ground is lacking in the required amount of lime for the proper need of the plant grown thereOn. Secondly.-It is a direct plant food. Every crop requires a certain amount of lime for its prefection, and, consequently, the soil ought to be well supplied to meet the incessant demand by the growing crops. Science tells us that every plant derives its nourish- ment from the soil and the atmosphere. Deprived of either, the plant must wither away and die. Lime enters the constitution of the plant as carbonate of lime, dissolved in rain water containing carbonic acid. Thirdlll. Lime acts very powerfully upon the "dormant" matter so frequently met with in the formation of the soil. If the dormant matter be allowed to continue in its sluggish condition it will prove fatal to all kinds of vegetation. Lime in its caustic state changes the" dormant" into" active" matter, sets free the alkaline matter, which are called soda and potash, and biings it into a state useful for plant food. Fourthly.- Lime helps the formation of the "double silicates." I referred to this class of bodies in my first paragraph on agriculture. The classification of the "double bilicates" are very important. Professor Tanner classifies them a follows I Silicate of alumina and ammonia, Silicate of alumina and potash, Silicate of alumina and lime, I Silicate of alumina and soda. He goes on to say that the double soda silicate is the lowest in the series, and soda is the lowest favourite, for if either lime, or potash, or ammonia is presented in proper form, the soda may 'go about its business,' and one of these higher favo: rites takes the vacant place. In the case of the double lime silicate, just the same change occurs if potash or ammonia comes for- ward in proper form-the lime being released, and a higher favourite joining in the new compound. But when we come to the double potash silicate, only one substance-the ammonia-can turn out the potash. When it has reached the highest stage it is in the most valuable condition for promoting the growth of vegeta- tion." Lime discharges other duties in the soil, but the above examples may be sufficient for the present. Lime in its raw or unburnt condition may be applied to the soil in three ways as (a) shell sand (b) chalk and (c) marl. The Shell-sand. -This consists of broken shells, in which carbonate of lime preponderates, and sometimes we find a small amount of animal matter mixed with it. It is not extensively used, because the deposits are mostly found along the coast, and the expense of con- veying it to our rural districts would be very great, and the farmer would reap but a poor remuneration for his labour. Chalk consists of very small shells, which can be clearly seen by the use of a powerful microscope. It supplies the soil with phosphoric acid. It does not affect the soil so powerfully as burnt or caustic lime but it is very safe and beneficial. It is well to know that chalk is very serviceable when properly used, because it checks and neutralises the various acids which are detrimental to the growth of vegetation. True, its action is very slow and scarcely perceptible yet, in the long run, it proves its existence, and asserts its superiority in the face of every obstacle. Marl —Ther3 are three kinds of marl rocks or beds which deserve our close attention, viz. the green, the grey, and the chalk. Chemical analysis proved that marl is generally made up of carbonate of lime. clay ard sand, in combination with several other substances. The green marl h. far superior to the other two as a fertilizing agent, because it contains a very large per- centage of phosphoric acid and potash. By very careful analysis of these niarls we found in each of them a certain percentage of the following ingredients:- Sdica, carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, alumina, soda, oxides of iron, magnesia, potash, lime, and chlorine. I Every farmer ought to know how to use lime, chalk, shell-sand, and marl, and what kind of soils they would benefit. The clayey soils "re greatly improved by the I application of lime, because it renders them more loose and fertile in character. They are deprived, to a great extent, of their plastic and sticky nature, and, consequently, they are easier to work. The wise farmer, who appreciates the value of lime, spreads it on the surface of the soil and harrow s it in immediately before it will obtain much carbonic acid from the atmosphere. Marl and chalk are the best for the sandy soil, because they tend to increase the adhrsive power of its particles and also improve its absorbing power. Some people are apt to believe that lime does not require any other kind of manure to assist it. This is a grave mistake, and, unless it be aided by farmyard manure, the land will become exhausted and too barren to sustain plant life.
ELECTION INTELLIGENCE.
ELECTION INTELLIGENCE. MID-ARMAGH. The Sheriff of Armagh on Thursday sat to receive nominations to fill the vacaney caused by the death of Sir J P. Corry. Mr Dunbar Barton, Q.C., Conservative, was the only candidate nomi- nated, and was, therefore, declared elected. The polling at the general election was as fol- lows Sir J. P. Cory (C.) 4,160 Mr. R. R. Gardner (G.). 2,522 1,638
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"HEALTH & HAPPINESS" arp largely dependent upon wholesome food anddr'nk. Tea holding the principal place among our daily beverages, it is of the utmost importance that it should be perfectly pure. The valuable properties which prove so refreshing and grateful to all tea drinkers, are found in fforniman's Pure Tea, because it consists exclusively of the young and choice spring crops gathered from India, China and Ceylon, imported in a pure state, and supplied to the consumers in sealed packets only, by 6.000 Agents in the United Kingdom. "Always good alike." Prices 2s, 2s 4d., 2s 8d, 3s aud 35i 4d per lb. Every packet bears the signature of W. H. & F. J. Horniman & Co., Ltd, Importers of Pure Tea from India, China and Ceylon. List of Agents:—Carmar- then, J. P. Richards, Manufacturing Chemist, Lammas-street; Arthur, Priory-street; Francis, chemist; Holding & Co., 19, Queen-street; Treharne, grocer, Priory-street. Llanelly, Rees, Bookseller. Llandilo, Lewis, Comptou House. Swansei, Evans, Chemist; Jones, Chemist; Purlby Chemist. Kidwelly, Davids, Tea Dealer. Pembroke Dock, Tucker, Commercial-row. Merthyr, Stephens, Chemist, Highstreet. Burry Port, Badger. Stationer. Randall & Sons, Supply Stores, and at Llaaelly.
LAMPETER CHRISTMAS SHOW.
LAMPETER CHRISTMAS SHOW. The annual Christmas Show of live and trussed oultry was held in the Market-place, here, on 'uesday, the 22nd inst., when prizes were given or the best birds exhibited, which had been rranged into 18 classes. There were, as usual, large number of competitors, the total amount- !l to 124, and in some instances the competition vas so keen that it was not a easy task to decide vhich was the best. The trussed poultry, )erhaps, excelled the live stock. The judges ;his year were Messrs John Fowden, Bank Hall; William Cotterell, Derry Ormond and Rees Davies, Spring Gardens, Lampeter. The man- igement consisted of Councillors Samuel Davies, Emporium, (treasurer) and Rees Jones, High- street, and J. Ernest Lloyd, solicitor, (hon. jecs). The Town Council, as usual, voted J65 towards the expenses, besides subscriptions given by townspeople and others. The following are the successful competitors LIVE POULTRY, &c. Couple of Turkeys—1, Mr David Davies, Tre- bannau, Cellan; 2, Mr David Davies, Penybank, Llanycrwys; 3, Mr J Stewart, Silian. Couple of Geese—1, Miss Polly Evans, Pontfaen, Lampeter; 2, Mr Davies, Hendai, Pencarreg; 3, Mrs Lloyd, Dolgwm, Pencarreg. Couple of Ducks—1, Mr J Stewart, Silian; 2, Mrs Price, Doldrement; 3, Mr D Owens, Cellan. Couple of pure Fowls, Silver Spangled-I, Miss Gwynne, Falcondale; a, Mr T Jones, Pantglas; 3, Mrs Williams, Brynmaen, Cellan. Couple of Pure Houdans-l, Mr John Jones, Old Fountain Pound, Lampeter.. Couple of Pure Brahmas—1, Mrs Price, Doldre- ment. Couple of Pure Game—1, Mr D Davies, Tyny- waun; 2, Mr Joseph Jones, saddler, Llanybyt her; 3, Mr Edwards, Black Lion, Llanybyther. Couple of Black or Blue Spanish—1, P.C. David Davies, Ystrad; 2, Mr Daniel Edwards, Maesy- felin, Lampeter; 3, Mrs Margaret Edwards, Holly Bush, Ram. Couple of Bantams—1, Mr G Paran Brown, Lam- peter: 2, Mr John Davies, Llwyncwrt; 3, Mr Evan Evans, Common, Lampeter. Couple of Common Barndoor Fowls—1, Mr Jobn Davies, Blaenfinie; 2, Mr David Jones, shoemaker, Common, Llanybyther. POULTRY (TRUSSED). Turkey above RIbs-I, Mrs Griffiths, Dolau, Lampeter; 2, Mr Samuel Davies, Coedpark, Bettws; 3, Mr David Davies, Pehybank, Llanycrwys. Turkey, 8lbs and under-I, Mr Samuel, Coed- park, Bettws 2, Mr Davil Price, Bank, Glandu- lais. Goose, 6lbs and under—1, Mr J Stewart, Silian 2, Mr John Williams, Coedeiddig. Goose, above 6lbs-1, Mrs Lloyd, Dolgwm, Pen- carreg; 2, Mr John Williams, Coedeiddig; 3, Mr Samuel Davies, Coedpark, Bettws. Duck, 3tlbs and under-1, Mr J Stewart, Silian. Duck, above 3tlbs-1 and 2, Mrs Davies, Tre- bannau, Cellan; 3, Mrs Thomas Richards, Pentre. shon. Fowl, 3lbs and under-I and 2, Mrs Davies, Fron 3, Mr J Stewart, Silian. Fowl, above 31be-1, Mrs Mary Morgan, Panty- rhedin; 2, Mr3 Anne Jenkins, G warffordd 3, Miss Gwini Davies, Plasnewydd, Cellan.
LLANDOVERY CHRISTMAS SHOW.
LLANDOVERY CHRISTMAS SHOW. Oar annual Christmas market was held on Tuesday in very seasonable weather. There was a good attendance quite as large as in previous years, if not greater. The corn market where the show cf poultry was held was very artistically decorated. The inde- fatigable secretary was Mr J R Price, Plasy- dderwen, a gentleman who has worked every year hard for the success of the institution since its inception some years ago. The judges were: —Meat and pigs, Mr Davies, Llandilo poultry and butter, Mr John Lewis, Llochesfa, Brecon and the following is the PRIZE LIST. Best carcase of beef—1, Mr D W Jeffreys, Stone- street (fed by Mr James, Llwynjack), Best carcase of Lowland mutton (fed by Mr Davies, Garth)-I, Mr D W Jeffreys. Mountain wether (fed by Mr Pryse-Rice, Llwyny- brain)-I, Mr D W Jeffreys. Fat porker (not exceeding 5 score)—1, Mr David Williams, butcher, High-street. Best carcase of veal-I, Mr D W Jeffreys (fed by Mr John Williams, Pentre-tygwyn.) Best fat turkey—1, Mrs Morgans, Llwynhowell 2, Mrs Jenkins, Pengovlan 3, Miss Evans, Nantdu; c, Mrs Evans, Trallwn. Best fat goose-I. Mr Evans, Blaendyfych 2nd and 3rd, Mrs Evans, Tyncoed; v.b.c., Mrs Williams, Glantowy. Couple of fat duch-I, M-s Williams, Cefnllan; (We are unable up to the moment of writing to find out the name of the winner of the second, owing to the ticket having been removed) 3, Mrs Evans, Blaendynfych. Fat, fowls—1, Mrs Williams, Glantowy 2, Mrs Blaendynfych 3, Mr Davies, Abergwenlais Mill. Cask or tub of salt butter (not less than 40 lbs) -1, Mr Price, Derwendeg 2, Mrs Williams, Glan- towy. Best 6 lbs of fresh butter—1 and 2, Mrs Jonbs, Danrallt; v.h.c., Mrs Williams, Cefnllan. Fresh milk cheese (not less than 20 lbs)-I, Mrs Williams, Glantowy; 2, Mrs Thomas, Llethraf- laeth. Skim milk cheese (not less than 20 lbs)—1, Mrs Williams, Erryd 2, Mrs Williams, Glantowy. Best basket of eggs (not less than 20 in number) —1, Mrs Thomas, Pengaer 2, Mrs Jones, Mount- pleasant; c., Mrs Davies, Derwenfawr. SPECIAL PRIZES. (Open to the workingmen residing within the pirish of Llandingat). Best live pig—1, John Lewis, Plough Inn; 2, William Pugh, Castle-street; 3, Richard Thomas, Q-ieen street.
ECCLESIASTICAL INTELLIGENCE.
ECCLESIASTICAL INTELLIGENCE. ST. DAVID'S. The following appointments have recently been made in the Diocese of St. David's:— Rev Herbert Williams, M.A., late vicar of St. John, Brecon, and perpetual curate of St. Mary. Brecon, to the vicarage of Rbayader. Patron, the Rev Thomas James Thirlwall, M.A., vicar of Nantmel, Radnorshire. Rev Evan Davies, late vicar of Llangennech, Carmarthenshire, to the vicarage of Cwmamman, Carmarthenshire. Patron, tbe Bishop. At a general ordination held by the Lord Bishop of St. David's at the Parish Church of Abergwili on Sunday, the 20th inst., the following were ordained deacons and licensed to curacies :— Henry Jenkins, Licentiate in Divinity, St. David's College, Lampeter, to tbe curacy of Llan- erchaeron with Dibewid, Cardiganshire. John Phillips, B.A., St. David's College, Lam- peter, to the curacy of Llanon, Carmarthenshire. John Evans, B.A., St. David's College, Lam- peter, to the curacy of St. Matthew, Swansea, Glamorganshire. William John Evans, B.A., St. David's College, Lampeter, to the curacy of Lampeter Pont Stephen, Cardiganshire. David Sinnett Jones, Licentiate in Divinity, St. David's College, Lampeter, to the curacy of Llan- rhian, with Llanrhithan, Pembrokeshire. William Higgins, Licentiate in Divinity, St. David's College, Lampeter, to the curacy of Cefn- llys, with Llandrindod, Radnorshire. The following were ordained priests:— The Rev Evan Davies, student of Queen's Col- lege, Birmingham, curate of Newport, Pembroke- shire. The Rev Evan Jones, Licence in Divinity, St. David's College, Lampeter, curate of Llanedy. Carmarthenshire. The RevChas. Frederick Owen, M.A., Balliol Col. lege, Oxford, curate of Llandebie, Carmarthen- shire. Mr William Biggins was the Gospeller, and the sermon was preached by Canon W L Bevan, vicar of Hay. BANGOR. On Sunday by the Bishop of Bangor, at his cathedral church. the following were ordained:— DEACONS. D. T. Davies, B.A., Jesus College, Oxford, licensed to the curacy of Trawsfynydd, Merionetb- shire. W. Williams Richards, St. David's College, Lampeter, licensed to the curacy of Llanwyda, Carnarvonshire. PRIESTS. T. Lloyd Williams, B A., St. Peter's College, Cambridge, curate of St. Mary's, Bangor. A. E. P. Adams, St. Aidan's College, Birken- head, ourate of Llandinam, Montgomeryshire. Evan Thomas, B.A., Lampeter College, curate of Llangybi-cum-Llanrom, South Carnarvon- shire. I The ordination sermon was preached by the Rev. C. P. Price, rector of Maentwrog, Carnarvon- shire. LLANDAFF. The Lord Bishop of Llandaff held an ordination for deacons only, in the Cathedral, on Saturday, when the following gentlemen were admitted to that order Jenkyn Edwards, Queen's College, Birming- ham. Alexander Cockburn Evans, Merton College, Oxon. John Wilson Loftus Tottenham-Hopkin., B.A. Trinity College, Dublin. John Richard Hosbons. John Gower Jones, B.A., Jesus College, Oxon. Richard Jones, B.A., St. David's College, Lampeter. William Munroe, Edinburgh University. Ebenezer Starey, St. Aidan's College, Birken- head. Josiah Thomas. The Bishop afterwards granted the following licences to curacies:— Jenkyn Edwards, to Llanover. Alexander Cockburn Evans, to Abergavenny. John Wilson Loftus Tottenham Hopkins, B,A. to St. Woolos, Newport. John Richard Hosbons, to Mountain Ash. John Gower Jones, B.A., to Tredegar. Richard Jones, B.A., to St. German's, Cardiff. William Munro, to St. Mark's, Newport, Mon. Ebenezer Starey, to Panteg. Josiah Thomas, to Bettws, Bridgend. The Venerable the Archdeacon of Llandaff was the preacher, and Mr Hopkins was the gospeller.
A PLEASANT, SAFE, AND RELIABLE…
A PLEASANT, SAFE, AND RELIABLE MEDICINE are BRANDRETH'S SUGAR-COATED PILLS. One taken daily with dinner will cure the most obstinate cases of INDIGESTION and CONSTIPATION. Use for Torpid Liver and all Headaches. Ask for BRAND- RETH'S SUQAE-COATED PILLS, 40 in a Box. Price, Is, Agents:—J. Palmer Richards, 16, Lammas-street; G Phillips, chemist and druggist, 3, Hall-street.
LAMPETER.
LAMPETER. ON Monday, Mr David Davies, a member of the firm of Davies Brothers, Cambrian Shoe Factory, in this town, left here for Gravesend, where he intends to sail to Melbourne. Mr Davies has been for some time in delicate health, and the present trip was taken at the suggestion of his medical attendant. We hope and trust that the voyage will prove beneficial to him, and that he will return astroag and healthy man, which is also the wish of his numerous friends at Lampeter and neighbour- hood. The butchers' shop in the town presented some fine specimens of Christmas beef. Mr David Davies, Queen's Arms, had secured a beast from Sir James Hills-Johnes, which had been bred on the home farm of Dolaucothy. Mr John Thomas (' butcher bach'), High-street, obtained a beast belonging to Mr J. C. Harford, Falcondale, bred on his farm while Mr John Thomas, Harford- square, and Mr David Jones, Bridge-street, had also secured some fine animals. PKTTY SESSIONs.-These sessions were held at the Town Hall. on Friday, the 18th inst., before Messrs John Fowden, Bank Hall David Davies, Velindre and Lewis Davies, Gel ly. -Malicious injury Thomas Evans, of Llwynberllan, Cellan, shoemaker, was summoned by Esther Richards, ot Lliwdy, Cellan, widow, for malicious injury done to the door and window of her dwelling bouse on the 21st ult. The parties did not appear and the case was dismissed.-Dritnkenness Evan Evans, of 2, Peterwell-terrace, mason, was summoned by Supt. David Williams, Llandyssil, for being drunk and disorderly at Lampeter on the 21st ult.—The defendant, who appeared, upon being asked whether he admitted the offence, stated I cannot say exactly, but my wife told me she had seen me worse many a time." After some hesitation he decided to admit the offence, and their worships ordered time to pay a fine of 2s 6d and costs in a montb.-Wtl(ul damage Benjamin Brayan, of Burgeden, Montgomery, hawker, was summoned by Daniel Davies, of Lowtre, Llanwnen, farmer, for allowing his horses to graze upon the com- plainants land on the 22nd ult. The parties appeared, and stated that they had settled the case among themselves, and the case was thereupon dismissed. Maentenance: William Lloyd, of Neath, collier Evan Lloyd, of Capcooh. Aberdare, collier, and Benjamin Lloyd, of Aberamman, Aber- dare, collier, were summoned by David Parry, relieving officer of the Lampeter Union, to con- tribute towards their father, William Lloyd. The case against William Lloyd was adjourned to the next Court, and orders were made against Evan Lloyd and Benjamin Lloyd to contribute Is each per week. Mary Morgan, Godrerallt, Cellan, was ordered to contribute Is per week towards her mother. Rees Jones, Garthhedrim, Pencarreg, was ordered to contribute 6d towards her mother. Price James, Sevan, Penoarreg, was ordered to con- tribute 6d per week towards his mother. Evan Evans, Panteg, Lampeter, labourer, was ordered to contribute la towards his pareuts, John and Mary Evans. SCHOOL ENTERTAINMENT.—On Friday evening, the 18th inst, an entertainment was held at the Emlyn House Schoolroom in Bridge-street, by Miss Davies and her young lady pupils, when, in spite of a densely packed house, a couple of very enjoyable hours were spent.. The way in which the young ladies performed their parts, both in acting and singing, showed that they had been well trained and that careful and painstaking instructions had been attended with good results. The humourous dialogue, Waggling Tongues" at the commencement, was very well performed and much appreciated, and Whittington and his cat" was in the same way very satisfactorily performed. The little cantata, "The Picnic," under the leadership of Mr W. Williams, was aung with very pleasant effect. The following is the programme :-Introductory address by Father Christmas, Miss Mary Lloyd quartette, Whispering Hope," Miss C. E. James, S. E. Price, Kate Davies, and M. J. Jones (Blaenplwyf). Humourous dialogue, Waggling tongues," Rev. James Young," a minister, Miss R. A. Jones, Gellyaur; "Mr Harcourt," his friend, Miss Mary Evans (Darren); "Mrs Harcourt," Miss Kate Davies, Llanarth callers at Mrs Harcourt's house, "Amelia Sting," Miss M. Davies, Coedpark; "Jane Wasp," Misa M J. Jones, High-street "Kate Bite," Miss Rachel Jones, Bridge-street; Harriet Sly," Miss S. E. Price, Llanddewi. Cantata, "The Picnic," accompanist, Miss K. Chapman, chorus, Away away," Misses C. E. James, R. A. Jones, R. Jones, E. Davies, M. J. Jones (High-street), M. J. Jones (Blaenplwyf), Kate Owen (Hebron), Annie Griffiths, Getta Griffiths, Jennie Jones, M. E. Jones, M. Evans (Darren), KatelDavies, S. E. Price, Hannah Evans, Maggie- Evans, Lizzie Richards, Neta Thomas, Lizzie Davies (Llettytwpa) solo (soprano), "Merrily over the Water," Miss M. J. Jones, Blaenplwyf; chorus, Up the hill and down the dale" solo (soprano and chorus), Under shady boughs," Miss Kate Owen and party duet, (soprano and alto), Lily bells and roses," Misses M. J. Jonea and S. E. Price chorus, waltz song, party solo (soprano and chorus), "A j oIly good laugh," Miss M. J. Jones and party; trio (S.S.C.), "The skipping rope," Miaaea Kate Owen, Kate Daviea, and M. J. Jonea chorus, 0, hark the winds," party; duet (S.C.), "Sunshine after rain," Miss Kate Owen and Kate Davies; trio (S.S.C), "Ye mountain lands, farewell," Misses R. A. Jones, K. Owen, and K. Davies Homeward bound," party.—A play entitled Whittington and his cat"—"Richard Whittington," a poor country boy, Miss Kate Owen Mr Fitzwarren," a London merchant, Miss Getta Griffiths captain of thejship," Miss Lizzie Davies, College-street Thomas," Mr Fitzwarreu's footman, Misa Annie Richards, Penian; "sailor," Miss Hannah Evans countryman," Miss Margaret Jones "Alice," Mr Fitzwarren's daughter, Miss M. Evans, Talsarn; "cook," Miss M. J. Jones, Blaenplwyf; Dame Homely," Miss Gwenllian Thomas finale, God save the Queen."
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