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SCIENCE NOTES AND GLEANINGS.
SCIENCE NOTES AND GLEANINGS. IRON passing through a cupola always loses in silicon-; the amount of the loss depends on two Conditions: (1) The amount of oxygen brought In contact with the metal in melting, and (2) the composition of the iron as it goes into the CUDOla. THE SPREAD OF TREE ROOTS. The roots of trees seem to vary in length and spread more than the branches. On moist land the roots of the largest trees go down only from 6ft. to 10ft., but Mr. F. R. Baker mentions that saw-palmetto roots have been taken from a w 11 in Florida at a deptfa of 80i't., and in some of the Florida sand nills roots have been known to descend as much as 100ft. DOING WITHOUT SLEEP. The length of time that it is posaible to keep awake is rather surprising. A Philadelphia physician names a medical man who went with- out sleep for eight days and nights and another who did not go to bed for eighteen days, but got all the sleep he had while on horseback. A third did not sleep for fifteen days and nights, but permanently injured his health. TEMPERATURE AND SUNSPOTS. The belief that temperatures are highest during sunspot minima is opposed by Mr. A. B. MacDowall, who finds evidence that during the last sixty years sunspot maxima have been accompanied in England by the higher tempera- tures. The same meteorologist attempts to prove a connection between barometric pressure and the moon's phases, and between relative humidity and the moon's phases. DISEASES OF TREES. Most diseases of trees are due to fungi which attack roots or trunks and sometimes branches or leaves. The older the tree the more liable it is to be attacked, while wounds open the way for infection. M. Schrenck, a French forester, has been studying these fungous diseases and their remedies, and has learnt many important facts. The forcing of antiseptic salts into railway ties, which are being destroyed by fungi in great numbers, is the best method of preservation yet known. GREAT THIRST OF TREES. It has been computed that if the leaves of an elm tree 60ft. high were spread out on the ground, edge to edge, they would cover live acres of land. These leaves, averaging 7,000,000 to a full-grown tree, will transpire water to the amount of seven tons during the normal Bummer day. Were it not for the ingathering of the stomata during the night a few elms would soon draw oft' all the water from a district. As it is, every market grower knows what elms are like near fruit or market gardens. YEAST FOR SKIN DISEASES. Dr. Dreuw, a German physician, states that in cases of skin disease, such as erysipelas, acne, &c., yeast is a valuable hen lor. It can be applied internally and externally—the latter for preference-and the doctor has made a =oap in which the principal ingredient is yeast. The affected portion may thus be simply washed with the yeast-soap in the ordinary manner, or the suds may be permitted to dry on the skin. The most effective means of application is to allow the soapsuds to dry under a water-tight dressing. HOW TO PRESERVE THE SIGHT. The preservation of the sight is of the utmost importance. The following rules are espr'ciaJIy recommended Avoid sudden changes from dark to brilliant light. Avoid the use of stimulants and drugs which affect the nervous system. Avoid reading when lying down or when mentally and physically exhausted. When the eyes feel tired rest them by looking at objects at a long distance. Pay especial attention to the hygiene of the body, for that which tends to promote the general health acts beneficially on the eye. Old persons should avoid reading much by artificial light, be guarded as to diet, and avoid sitting up late at night. Do not depend on your own judgment in selecting spectacles, but go to a specialist in eyesight. PEOPLE WHO SHOULD NOT SMOKE. M. Delie, a well-known French ear specialist, states that tobacco exercises a direct and selective action upon the auditory nerve, and nicotine brings about circulatory troubles, owing to its exciting action upon the great sympathetic nerve. It also gives rise to, or stimulates, a diminution of the nerves, which ends in inflammation and disease of the auditory nerve. Tobacco should be used in moderation, and practitioners should warn patients in whom there is already auditory trouble that its action is specially harmful" in their case. In persons who are already suffering from arterio-sclerosis (hardening of the blood vessels), or who have a family history of such a condition, it ought to be forbidden, and all the more if they are com- paratively young. THE "TIRED" POISON. Conclusions drawn from practical experiments upon dogs are to the effect that labour of body or of brain causes certain changes in the tissues and blood, and through these changes poison is produced, and it circulates in the blood. Some studies have been made to illustrate this subject on fifty grammar school children who were about to be inflicted with one of those periodical "grinds." Before taking the examination their muscular strength was tested. Each one lifted all he could upon the dynamometer, and the average number of pounds for three trials was recorded as his "strength record." After the examination was over, which lasted two and a-half hours, they made the same endeavour to lift all they could. With two exceptions, none could raise as much as before their intense mental activity. LOW TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS. The variation of electric resistance at low temperatures is very great in the case of the pure metals, while with alloys it is usually less. An experiment that shews this is to con- nect a small coil of copper wire forming part of an electric circuit with a mirror galvanometer when the coil is plunged in liquid air the current increases greatly; and in fact its value at-190deg. C. is as much as six times that at zero. This is shewn more clearly by a group of incandescent lamps which have a resistance- coil in series, and thus burn at low redness; when the coil is plunged in liquid air the lamps burn with a bright light. According to researches of Dewar, the resistance diminishes gradually with the temperature, but on arriving at-250deg. C. the diminution becomes less and less, so that the resistance at the absolute zero should be still appreciable. At the boiling tem- perature of liquid hydrogen, Dewar has shewn that the resistance of copper becomes 1-150th the normal value. OUR GIRDLE OF STARS. The universe, so far as we can see it, is a bounded whole, writes Dr. Simon Newcomb in Harper's Magazine, It is surrounded by an immense girdle of stars, which, to our vision, appears as the Milky Way. While we cannot set exact limits to its distance, we may yet con- fidently say that it is bounded. It has uniformities running through its vast extent Could we fly out to distances equal to that of the Milky Way, we should find comparatively few stars beyond the limits of that girdle. It is true that we cannot set any definite limit, and Bay that beyond this nothing exists. What we can say is that the region containing the visible stars has some approximation to a boundary. We may fairly anticipate that each successive generation of astronomers, through coming centuries, will obtain a little more light on the subject-will be enabled to make more definite the boundaries of our system of stars, and to draw more and more probable conclusions as to the existence or non-existence of any object outside of it. The wise investigator of to-day will leave to them the task of putting the lem islt a more positive shape. SAHARAN VOLCANOES. Another feature of the remoter history of the Sahara ha.s been revealed. We know that the desert abounds with traces of an ancient system of irrigation, which the lnte Cardinal Lavigeria contemplated restoring. We also know now, on the authority of the eminent explorers Foureau and Gentil, that the desert is thickly studded with extinct volcanoes, ancient and modern. The basaltic remains of the Grand Erb and the many basaltic peaks of the Adrar are mentioned. But the most remarkable case is that of the Air district, where over a territory of ninety-three miles in extent many volcanic peaks are met with, recent enough to shew the craters well preserved. A NEW MAGNETIC ALLOY. A new magnetic alloy is announced by Herr Gumlich. It contains more than 60 per cent. of copper, 20 per cent, of manganese, 10 per cent. of aluminium, and a trace of lead. It is said to be easily worked, and to have the coercive force of prime cast steel. Its maximum permeability equals that of cast iron, and in- creases considerably with age. Unfortunately it will not stand heating, and a temperature of 165deg. Centigrade permanently strips it of its magnetic properties. For the present, at any rate, these new magnetic metals do not seem likely to displace industrially the compounds of iron.
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The Rhondda Leader Will be delivered regularly to Subscribers at their own residence. Six Months for 2s. 2d. Twelve Months for 4s. 4d. by any Newsagent, or will be sent direct from the Offices by post, Six Months for 3s. 3d. Twelve Months for 6s. 6d. which may be remitted by Cheque, Postal Order or Stamps, to MANAGER, RHONDDA LEADER, LIMITED, DE WINTON STREET, TONYPANDY. Special Notice. Subscribers who have duly paid a sub- scription in advance for six months or longer, to their Newsagent or to the Pub- lishers, need not, to enable their repre- sentatives to become entitled to the bene- fits of the Free Insurance of -2100 in case of Passenger Vehicular Accident, sign the Coupon. It is only necessary to forward the Subscription Receipt to the Casualty Insurance Company, Ltd., 7, Waterloo Place, London, S.W., for the purpose of Registration. A GREAT REVOLUTION! in the Manufacture of ARTIFICIAL TEETH in South Wales. The fact is that Mr. J. H. TODD Has bough t 1,000 000 (ONE MILLION) BEST fynerican Teeth At a very low price, and it is his wish that the people of South Wales should have the benefit of his deal, and he is therefore placing within the reach of all who suffer from Indiges- tion, Dyspepsia, and other diseases arising from the want of proper teeth, a set of these beautiful life-like teeth at the ridiculous price of 11 7s. 6d. the set Consultations Free! This is an offer never before given for TEETH of PERFECT WORKMANSHIP. GOOD FIT GUARANTEED. Extractions Free when giving Orders for New Teeth. EXTRACTIONS 1s. Painless Extractions, 2s. |HP— For all ailments of the Liven Kidneys, or Nervous or other diseases) you should consult Mr. J. H. TODD, who has made a special study of the human frame, and has extracted vege- table products from all parts of the globe, and is able after many years, having employed scientific men for research, to render aid to those suffering ffom most of the ailments flesh is heir to. PLEASE NOTE- All Orders to be given at Dunraven St., accompanied by a Deposit, Consultations free daily at Dunraven St., TONYPANDY. 2568 GEO. COUZENS & SONS, Nat.Te1.461. COMPLETE SHOP-FITTERS, Five minutes from T.V.R. Station. OXFORD LANE (Castle Road), CARDIFF TRY tyAISH, Bridge Street, CARDIFF FOR Pigeon and Poultry Baskets. CHEAPEST AND BEST ON THE MARKET. All kinds of Travelling and Laundry Hampers made to order ESTABLISHED 50 YEARS. 2083 COLOSSAL CLEARANCE OF SEAS0N-|§ 1 if |0 M m IdriMABLE bargains as a result of m H. SAMUEL'S HALF-YEARLY ■ 1 ■ STOCKTAKING. I F% f 1 1 V| mH SENSATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES 11 L I as I 1 B AWAITING EVERY BUYER OF 11 HaBHFnnnHHHHr WATCHES, JEWELLERY, ELECTRO. J X7 PLATE, WEDDING GIFTS, SILVER, ftc. 11 jfaf PRICES RUTHLESSLY REDUCED. 1 8 Ar J\ EVERT ARTICLE IN THIS HANDSOME COLLEC-P r TION FRESH, UNBOILED, AND FULLY GUARANTEED. YLA TO-DAY'S SPECIAL EYE-OPENERS |] J UIVAT PRJCM. TALK FBICE. OSUAX. TMOB. UU PKICB. WW||TLLJBJ |||S ) B/8.—-Oak Biscait Barrel*, 0% ffk 8/fr-La41et*StlTa Watches A ■$ £ } fll haadtome Nickel « plstMt f Q with Albert complete. A n h M1H Wh Bill r Mount! „ woniclfnl bargain BSj 7/0.—Handfona 4-bottla f A M.—Cant's real Sllref JP fil KiWH Hr| Dinner Craet% Electro- JC I Watches. W»o4erf»lly "j U HII 31 Ph ONE plate* Stand* cheap Ml 1 |H iH I5« MONTH'S tO,3olU ml <Md «%f ■ I S/V. — Soil* ml GoM O /Q »] 11J| TRIAL Alberta. TkaTMfcaffei fa Broochei, in great rarietjr b (E| {Kj gd f lllila AU0WED 2™ — 1/8.—Ilegant Ilectro-plated A i » ill" BwmlM tyB.—Real Stttaf-backs* f^ Flowar Yaiea. alio Sllrer- 1 fa B M I Han Braihea, Faakjoaabia Ql <1 mouated Glass ditto 1 f V 1{—TBS WORTH TWICE 1 e/c.-soiid r«IGOU H.U-^ | |{ 11 rur AUniSMT 1/in. — nmtmm McMif marke4GaaRlngs,ckolcely919 ft I K|§ THE AMOUNT. memm mi lis M real Itonea. A aar-O/O 1 £ 1 Hi Oxroio, rcUBb" •W<m,iih7 — pi IT; SIMILAR SENSATIONS IN ALL DIAR"BIRI-thkwatch DEPARTMENTS—RIO SAYINGS TOR YOU SOLD MK roDR flYBRY BUYER. MONTHS AGO a A MAB- COME AND LOOK OVER THE BARGAINS f§ TORTWICKTHtAMOCKT „ §11 PAID.—yours, &c, and re&liaa some of the monsy that will be saved g|| i WAID. during this colossal clearance. Customer's Train Hi IB" Fare paid (up to 30 miles) on orders of 26/- and R H upwards. CALL TO-DAY. H| Telegrapnie Address—"JPaperhanging,"Cardiff." Nat."Tel. 7. ROBERT LEWIS & Co., COLOUR, PAINT, VARNISH and PAPERHANGING MERCHANTS, GLASS IMPORTERS, &c., 73, Custom House Street, and 8, New Street, Cardiff. Insist upon seeing our New Pattern Book of Wallpapers for 1905, containing Ingrains, Leatherettes, Ceilings, Dados, Lincrusta, Lignomur, Anaglyta, &c. Plate and Sheet Glass Factors and Exporters. Leaded Lights made on the Premises. Glass Embossed (English and French styles), any design, on the Premises. Orders promptly executed. 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Special driers for Charlton White," 18s. per cwt. "MAXIMUM LIGHT" GLAS3. Dark Interiors ALWAYS made Light when this Illuminated Glass is used. "VELURE." The Future Paint. Enamel Surface Covering Power double ordinary paint. MAURICE'S PORCELEINE." Great Covering Power. Hard and Solid Finish. Easily applied, will not crack, chip, blister or peel off. EBER80N'8 "V. & P. SOLVENT." Is a Perfect Varnish and Paint Remover. In a few minutes either Varnish or Paint will soften and can be wiped off with a cloth or scraper. 2268 Grosvenor Restaurant, PENARTH TWO MINUTES WALK FROM STATION). Proprietor-O. G. J. WILLIAMS. First.Class Coffee and Dining Rooms (Well-appointed Kestaurant). Picnics specially catered for. Good Beds. Commercial Home Comforts. CHARGES MOST MODERATE. PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION SPECIALITIES: ORDER NOW FROM GREADER & SON YOUR Ice Cream Freezers AND ALL ACCESSORIES. THE OLD FIRM, The Practical WeighingMachine and Scale Manufacturers and Repairers, T1,e^cLmG™rSSalt CAROLINE STREET, CARDIFF- Merril's 1/- PacketXHome-Madeglce + + 0 IL Cream Powder, makes 2 gallons. IceCream Biscuits, &c. Established 1876. Nat. Tel. 5x5. [2520 10 t* I Every Miner, Carpenter, &c., should ask his fronmonger or Grocer to show him one of MITCHELL'S PROTECTORS FOR THE EDQES OF HATCHETS. Will make your Hatchet perfectly safe to' carry any where, and enable you tojavoid the possibility of a fins Price 1/ by post 1/2, from the Patentee— A. MITCHELL, Dinas Rd.. DINAS- 241 < NEW SEASON'S PA1TERNS OF Paper-Hangings Just arrived. Lowest Prices in the Rhondda at F. WATERMAN & SLADE PAINTERS AND DECORATORS, SIGN WRITERS AND GLAZIERS, Glass o4 all descriptions kept in stock and cut to order. Low QUOTATIONS TO BUILDERS, &c. ESTIMATES FREE. NOTE ADDRESS- No. Gt Look-up-Shop Opposite Dunraven Hotel, TONYPANDY. EVANS, Grove Park Restaurant, 88, HIGH St., Good Accommodation for Visitor EVERY HOME COMFORT. Terms Moderate. Undeb Dt*OS HEA TH'S ANNUAL Summer Sal PIANOFORTES and ORGANS. BY ALL MAKERS. Instruments Returned from tlire, '8 Reduced Instalments and SpeCI Discounts. 76, Queen Street, CARDIFF 70, Taff Street, PONTYPRIDD; Stanwell Road, PENARTIY; AND -of, 23, Station Road, PORT TO Nat. Tel. Cardiff, 01199 pontypridd, — The Insurance is not confined to_jn6* Train Accidents only, but ag9 .d utS, All Passenger Vehicular Ace, dooto, Free Insurance. £10° —— .It It1)' THE CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, to the legal representative of any man or w0" „ to servants on duty excepted), who shall ha-PP with his or her death by an accident to » jji J, ublic vehicle, licensed for passenger servi aI1y^ he or she was riding as an ordinary passenge of the United Kingdom on the following con 1. That at the time of the accident the P' ipsU'V question had upon his or her person t" Coupon or the paper in which it is, with his i, signature, written the space provided at tne 0f a" pro id 2. This paper may be left at his, or her P1 j so long as the paper is signed. ,he C0"'? 3. The notice of the accident be gjiven to o guaranteeing this insurance within seven a dso occurrence.. fr0!;i i. That death result within one montn of the accident. » piore 5. That no person can claim in respect j one of these Coupons. 6. The insurance under this Coupon holds g relIt 191 p.m. of the Thursday prior to the date or foil0 of the Rhondda Leader," to 7 p.m. oi tbe Thursday. Signed Address The^due fulfilment of this insurance is The CASUALTY Insuance COn%P^0^ h 7, WA.TERELOO PLACE, PALL MALL fesiiild l>e made. J to whom all communications y THE CASUAL^ INSURANCE COMPANY, CIIIEF OFFICES- 7, WATERLOO PLACE, Pall. Mall, Londolt, 'OO DIRECTORS- R. J. 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