Abergavenny Chronicle

ORIGIN OF RED CROSS. I The red cross as a badge of service for differing humanity "dat.e5 back more than three hundred years. Camillas de Leflis was horn in the kingdom of Naples in 1550" Alter serving in the Venetian a,rmy, he went Lo the hosnital of San Giacomo in 'Rom« with an affection of the leg. There he was sn iiiich by the horrors and tilth err what was little better than a p^t-house • bliat he resolved to devot-a his life to Kuffrr- i/Ur humanity, "to caro for the plague- stricken, and to nurse the aick hi their own homes." At thirty-two he was ordafried a priest, and set about founding a religious order "to serve the sick." "Thev shall wear a fed cr upon their breasts," said Camillug, uto remind ■ them of the suffering of our Lord Christ. This will give them strength and encouragement." Pope Sistne V. confirmed the congregation in granting them in the brief a special permis- sion to wear 'th{. Red Cro^sThis same red cross -is the hde of • .service to-day, worn by every Catholic religious order that takes care of the sick, in every part, of the wprkl. This red cross has t¡;.u blessed ¡ill tlie leper settlements of • Molckui and Mada- gascar; in the cholera hospitals of India, and the pestilence-^trickcii lands of the Far East, as well as on the battlefields oi France. In the calendar St. Cufiiillus's Day falh; upon July IS., and at his special these words are chanted: "Greater love hath oo man than this, that a man lay ,down h:a Ere for hili friends."

TESTING GAS MASKS. j The makiag of a gas mask is a very deli- cate matter and a great responsibility re.sts on the workers, for the tinie»!> Ieoic or the smallest imperfection may result in the cujath of the soldier who is ullimuteJy dc- stiucd to wear it. Not that there is nu.ch chance of such a, thin,, happening, however, ior the system of im.yectigu is extraordi- narily thorough. Eacii part, no matter now minute or seemingly uuiwiportant, is care- fully exapiined before it is sent to the worker; and after the mask is finally com- pleted it is taken to oue of. a row of littld dark closets, which look exactly like a da rk- room, for final inspection. This is per- formed under a powerful electric light by women who. have. been chosen for this pur- pose because of their exceptional iy good eyesight. With all this care there does not seem to be one cHltnce.in a million that an ilnparfect-gas mask. -ea;i be shipped front the j factory. Nevertheless, before being issued .to the troops, every individual mask is sub- jected to a last conclusive test by being actu- ally worn in a room lilled with poison ga. of a strength aaid density, many times greater than that which is likely to be met with under any circumstances ell the battle- field.

LA VA CURIOS., Te largest volcano in the world is that at J Kilonea, in the Hawaii Islands. It foÙs 'Ül' of the principal attractions to ..tom!ú;] visiting the island8, and one of their dc&ir? ]a to procure a lava specimen as a mementa of' their visit. All kinds of cok?i, pocket- knives, brooches, and other triute" are thrown into the lava streams near-the edge of the crater. These, quickly become en- cased in the molten mass. After ^remaining there for some minutes the guide recovers them with a long stick, when they are allowed to cool. Through the lava the em- ").(I.ded article can be easily recognised, and such souvenirs are naturally prized and carried away as a reminder of the visit to the world's greatest volcano. 8":

? -1 0 I HOW PIOrLE LAUGH. #, I There are savages in the heart of "Africa who never laugh at all; they grin, that. is all, and this lack of laughter is a symptom of lew mentality. The Chinaman cannot laugh. When he is del iglited or1 amused or happy, he just looks calm. The Frenchman 'h38 a. reserved laugh, one which he holds well in hand. The troyieu there have a cultivated, musical laugh, which is very Attractive.- The Uermau'L" laugh is cavernous. It comes from far down. The laughter of .an Irishman ia. upon the contrary, ratber soprano—not even a cliebt one, but a hfad one. The English and American laugh ia th? heartiest.

I INCREASED OUTPUT BY BRITISH 1 YARDS. The Admiralty announces that the tonnage of merchant vessel's completed in United Kingdom vards and entered for service during Septem- ber. 1918, compared with preceding periods was as ii-nde-r- 19'7. Completiocs. 1 Ur-083 Ton*. [ JMn?ry • 48,086 i1.,);f.y ¡ iian'li HS.? | ti¡> li:J¡ M?y. 6').77?! June ?0?7! Julv 83,(.7.'j \I:¡iJuï" lÖ;¡:' epleiuber 63,150 Total 9 months to September 30th, 1917 743,853! Total 12 months to September 30tl"i, 1917 967.185 1918. Completions. Gross Tons. January ó8,MS February 10Ü,O8 !,{arch 161,674 Aprn I11,M3 May 1?,2?4 t: X34,l«i9 July Hl,;u8 August 124.675 ScpuJHiter 144,772 Total 9 months to September 30dh, VJ18 1,111.611 TV.al 12 months to September 30th, 1918.54 .262

I SUICIDE ON WIFE'S GRAVE. I At Richmond an inquest Was held on Samuel Bridge, sixty, Larkhall-ri&e, Clap- I mT), who was found dead on his wife's grave at Richmond Cemetery, he having shot him- seli through the mouth.. On 4 deceased was found a letter to his brother iu which he said:— "I have spent some lovely hours in Rict- nond, dear old Richmond, find I am now sit. tiugon my darling wife's grave in God's beautiful sunshine and feel quite at rest, but quite tired out and weary. "I am played out, and always since I was about twenty-five years or so knew that I should commit this at some time. A ver- diet of "Suicide during temporary insanity" returned.

NEW ADMIRALS. Vice-Admiral Mark E. F. Kerr, C.B., Jf.V.O, has been placed on the retired list at his own request, in <mder to facilitate the. proraotion of younger officers, to date Octo- ber 1. In consequence Rear-Admiral F. G. Kyre becomes -iriceaaihdral, and Captain C. W. Keighly-Peach rear-admiral. Vioe-Admiral Mark Kerr served in Naval Urigade; Egypt, 1882, and in the Soudan, 1S91. He was lent to the Greek Government 3,1 naval adviser in 1913. In the following year, at the. ago of fifty,, he took a pilo^j flying certificate. He is a major-general R.A.F. and deputy chief' of the Air Staff. Vice-Admiral Eyre was appointed Chief, In- bpfector of aval Ordnance in 1911.

I REGULATION 40 D. j The War Cabinet have considered the Ejections made to regulation #40D of D.O.R.A. Owing to the serious loss of man power involved, and to the request of the United States authorities that tho re«u'a- :ion shall apply to their troops in this country tho Cabinet have decided that, Jor-- the present, the gulation must be ie- tained. They have, however, appointed the following committee to cossider whether the regulation hall be modified :-Lord A'oulton .fehairmap), Mrs. Found,' Mrs. II. B. Irvnig, ir Francis Lloyd, Sir Malcolm Morris, Miss Flora Murray, and the Bishop of South- iv a ft.

"THE GLORIOUS DAYS TO COME." •' The Prime Minister, in telegraphing con- o-ratulations to Marshal Foch on h-is birth- said:—"I do not know which, to admire' most—your wonderful g«nius in leaderr ihip or the undaunted courage and unshak- able faith in victory which you have- dis- played during the whole of this "lat." Marshal Foch, in his reply, I do, not forget that it is to your persistent con-i fidence that I owe the position I now D, oupy. The token of glorious tlays to comf our arms lies in the perfect unity which now exists between all the Allied armies. —

EVA-NGELIST'S ALLOWANCE." An appeal for an official ot the Open-Air Mission has been dismissed by the Law Sicietv Tribunal. The Chairman, looking at the. Mission's annual report, asked whafc •'Evangelist's allowances" meant. The Secre- Lry of the Missions said the evangelists wero paid. The Chairman: Oh, I see—a matter of politeness. If you are a worker you receive wagcs; if an evangelist you have an allow- ance.

I FOOD FOR THE INTERNED. I Tbe Pr  De p ai-Cment an- The Prison prs of War Department an- r.nun? Hint it ?H? ?ccn decided to cancel the reg° ulations which prohibit the transmission to ° neutral countries of orders to send fooil' to prisoners of war and civilians interned No lieviice-, will hence- forth be required for this purpose.

MEANING OF "CARAT" ""Fourteen cart. means that out of ^venty-four parts fourteen are pure gold ind. the remainder some other mctaL GoM s taken as being of tw?ty-tour .de?ree?, or :arats, as they arc called. "Twenty-four 2arqits fine" means the absolutely pure netal. "Eighteen carat line" means that mt of twenty-four parts eighteen are pure old; and the rest are alloys, as they--are ycuerally called A sovereign is twenty-two line; the alloy is added to increase the aardness of the coin.

1.:he Rev, F. IT. Mentha, vicar of Blakes- ley, was. knocked down by a motor-lorry while cycling, and died while being taken to. Northampton Hospital. The Queen has sent the Serbian Relief Fund .£400 from the Women's Canadian Club of Vancouver. Offered .£100 war bonus by the Wolver- hampton Guardians, Mr, Frank Harrison, their clerk, declined it with thanks. Bernard HcmmiHgs, baker. Fulham-road, who was at Kensington fined jfiCO for ex jilting for sale nineteen rolls exceeding the legal weight, pleaded that owing to labour shortage the rolls were made by a man of eighty. The landscape painter Harpiguies begged that a .doomed old' te opposite his house in the nile Coetlogon, Paris, should be left standing till he died, and now that he is gone the tree is being cut down, says the Paris "Daily Mail."

I STANDARD PAY FOR POLICE. The Secretary of State has liked provlaion- allv the standard .rates of pay for the police in counties or boroughs .as follows;- Sergeants, 53s. per week, rising by annual increments of 16. to 57&. Constables, 40s. per week, rising by an. Dna; increments of is. to 48s., with a far- ther, increment of Is. at the completion of fifteen years and anot-her Is. after twenty yearn. Thi:>- scale is 3s. below that recently fixed for the Metropolitan Police, and further re- adjustment will be made later, when a scheme is adopted to tix a unliform rate foi the whole of the country. —— *——

f POST TO RUSSIA. J The Pcwi-iTxastier-Genera I announces that the civil mail service to both European and Asiatic Russia is suspended except as re- gards letters, newspapers, etc., for -Finland, Archangel, and Murmansk, and Vladivostok atjd the neighbourhood. The eivit: parcel poet to Russia (including Finland) is en- tirely suspended. ———— ?— ————

l D.C.M. FOR RISONERS. > I The D.C.M. has been awarded Sergoani S penter, Corporal A. Bramwell, And Private J. Gray, in recognition of great de,votioll to duty and viluable, services rendered during epidemics of cholera ahd typhus fever at the prisoners of war camp in Gottingen, Germany. i ■ ■ —■

i' U STOP-T.HE-GA,P It CAREY. I Brevet-Colonel (temp. Major-General C. G. Is. Carey, who, with a scratch force, dOtied the gap in our liner, between the 3rd and jth Arin ieo, in March, is gazetted ,poIont>t from lieut--colonel,' R.A., with seniority from July 1, 1917. ————

MINE DESTROYS PIER. I The pier at; Inver. Co. Mayo, was blown to pieces on. Saturday, by a mine which waa crashed ashore. Several fishing boats were rendered useless, and a man who was work- ing 500 yards away was lifted into the air and injured.

I SECRET NAVY CODE BOOKS. I Few things are so jealously guarded as the secret code book of the United States Navy. It is a book of signals—not the ordinary "wig-wag" signats used in the daily direction of the fleet by a commanding ofhcer--but a code of signals to be used solely in time of war and in the presence of an enemy. These secret code books are issjied only to the executive officers of a ship, who are en- joined to protect them against theft by every -possible means. These books are threatened not so much by the ordinary thief as by secret emissaries of other Governments who desire to obtain know- ledge of what the battleships would do in time of action. Governments have no scruples against theft in such cases. The loss of onp of these secret code books by an officer, unless explained to the entire satisfaction of the Secretary of the Navy, would mean court-martial and probable ex- pulsion from the service. To the honour of. the United States Service, no officer has ever yet been brought up charged with loss. The books are bound in heavy metal covers, so that in time of threatened cap- ture they may be thrown overboard, sicking at once to the bottom of the sea, and thus avoiding seizure.

I KING. OF THE RIKUYUS. Many lialf-savage races have chosen white mtin to be the rulers of their more cr less independent States. The most celebrated case is that of Sir James, or "Rajah," Brooke, who for many years held sway over the province of Sara- wak, in Borneo. He was in the service ci the East India Company as a young man, and after seeing much fighting in the Bur- mese war, in which he was wounded, he aided the Sultan of Bruni, in Borneo, to drive off the tribes of Dyaks who were in- vadihg the Sultan's territory. The Sultan made him Rajah of the province* of Sara- .wak, and afterwards the. British Govern- ment appointed him governor of Labuan Island. A white Rajah seems a strange idea, but Sir James Brooke was most sue- I cessful in that .position. 1 Another strange history is that of John, Boyes, the king of the Ki-ku-yus, an Afri- can tribe numbering about four million souls. He started his royal career by being shipwrecked on the AiTicsn East Coast, from which, unarmed, he made his way into the interior, and made himself well trusted j by the natives, who regarded as wonderful medicine some pink toothpaste which he had. From being a kind cf doctor of great repute, he was made a blood-brother by the Ki-ku-yus, and finally their ruler.

I JUTLAND BATTLE HONOURS. J Lists of naval honours, decorations, and medals published in a "London Gazette" supplement include several additional awards for services in the battle of Jutland, on May 31. 1916. Most of the recipients of these awards are prisoners pf war interned in neutral coun- tries. Lieutenant-Commander (now Coalman- der) Paul Whitfield, who receives the D.S.O., was in command of the desroyer Nomad, which was sunk. While disabled she sank a disabled German destroyer, and finally fired all her torpedoes at the High Sea Fleet.

STEAMER SUNK IN COLLISION. j The Elder Dempster Liae steamer Barulu has been sunk in collision, with a loss, it is feared, of thirty-five lives. Forty-two sur- vivors were picked up, one of whom after- wards died. Nine of \the survivors were saved by a patrol boat. The Burutu, which was built in 1902, was of a net tonnage of 2,468, her gross tonnage being 3,902.

I I I. LIEUTENANT GLADSTONE KILLED. iiieut. William Gladstone, Coldstream Guards, youngest -son cf the-Rev. Stepheu Gladstone, formerly rector of Ha warden, was killed in action in France on Sept. 27. Lieut. Gladstone received the Military ('ror; in July for conspicuous skill and gallantry, i

I EVERYTHING IS INSURABLE.. 1 If the enormous growth which has taken place during recent years in insurance busi- ness can be held ad a criterion, we are rapidly becoming a very -thrifty nation. It is possible now to insure against every conceivable contingency, and people there are who take precautions to safeguard themselves from all manner of strauge I risks. The farmer may insure against droughts or too much rain; the politician against a General Election, and the conse- quent possible loss of four hundred pounds j va year; the hairdresser against- inflicting his customers with bjarber^' rash: the chemist sgarinst making up preseriptiolis wrongly; whilst during the past vear epormous busi- uess was effected, at rates varying from two shillings and sixpence to ten shillings per cent., against loss by riot or civil commo- tion in Ireland> Now that the luggage-in-advance system is very popular, it. iiiay pay travellers to remember that a shilling ticket, purchased at a railway-station, will insure an article of luggage against- loss or theft, or risk of damage by railway or steamboat accident.

—————— .—————. THE CITY OF TIBERIAS. Tiberias, which was built by Herod and named after his emperor, was once an im- portant ? Graeco-Romau city with a race- course, palaces, and baths. It is only once mentioned iu the. Gospels, as the place from which boats w. sights. came to the scene of the feeding of the five thousand. The Arabs captured the city in 637.. The Crusaders under Tancred retook it, but loet it to Saladin in 1187, the battle deciding the. fate of Jerusalem. Most of the town was ruined by an earthquake in 1837.

1.fti"Ð.n.}1If r 0 "Win rhfOah' -that is to say, to achieve an a-m I ? to accomplish a purpose to attain iii' ? a definite object always implies a 3 a demand on the bodily energy, gf Energy and succeM ?zuajiy ?o to- g ? gether. Without a certain measure ? ? of practical effjdent force the fe ? can be little real achievement *m P life. Energy depends so very large- £ J ly upon health that no effort should S be spared to maintain the latter at g < the highest possible standard. A g~ j prudent person will first look to K J the condition of his digestion as the B j foundation of good health. There £ 3 is no better way. of keepirig the digestive* powers unimpaired than p by taking a course ^of Beecham's gj | pms. Beecham's Pills ar& a dig- c ? estive medicine, par exceHenc? p j strengthening, correcting and clean- ? .ing the organs concerned in a » ? truly remarkable manner. For, £ 3 health, energy and the power to 5 j win through seek the aid cf P ?'  ??A?&???t?? ?C  0 jj Sold everywhere jjj in baxis, labelled ls-3d and Bs-Od. te E

I JAM LICENCES. Who?sa?e deplers in jam or syrup are to Whol-asale de lers in ] I.Illl 0.- S y r-,i p are to "Jam" includes jelly, conserve, and mar- malade and syrup, treacle, and refined mo- lasses.

r AMERICA HONOURS HAIG. j Field-Marshal Sir Douglas Haig. has been awarded the American Cross of Honour ior 1j his conspicuous and notable' services to humanity. The same decoration was jj awarded' to Marshal Joffre last year. j

M A. Martsneau, Governor of the French Settlements in India., has been appointed an I. hon.K.C.I.E. Men iu the edge-tool' and saw trades have been awarded 4s. advance by the Committee on Production; and tailoring and shirt ajfd 'o eive advinces. i-anl- i iig collar trades also receive advances, ranging from :(d. to 3kkI. an hour. • Asked at Clerkenwell County-court why he left an infirmary before having recovered, 0. man replied, "They woke me at live o'clock in the morning to" w«sh. And I had a bit more food at home than I had there."

G E R MAN Y S REFUSAL OF REPATRIATION. The following statement has been issued from the Press Bureau: — The War Cabinet have decided that a Minis- ter of Cabinet rank shall be appointed as chairman of the Inter-Depart mental Prisoners of War Committee, which will be responsible for all questions affecting prisoners of war in enemy countries. At the request of the War =t Sir George Cave ha% consented to act as chairman of the above committee. Measures have been taken to secure the im- mediate release of the British prisoners oi war in Bulgaria. With reference to the Anglo-Germ an agree- ment as to the exchange and treatment of prisoners of war, which was concluded at The tlague, a telegram recently received in Am- sterdam from Berlin and published in the Press stated as follows:- "The German Government rejects the British proposal to alter the agreement, and so exclude UblllariI10 crews from repatriation, which is unacceptable to the German Government. Germany has asked the Dutch Government to inform the British Government, of its readi- ness to ratify the treaty if the question of the position of Germans in China finds a satisfactory settlement with Great Britain's co-opera tioii. No communication "te the above effect has been received by the Government, and if any such communique has been issuc-A by the Ger- man Government it is misleading. Submarine crews in Great Britain and in Germany are clearly excluded from the agreement for re- patriation. In the view of the British Govern- ment this exclusion also extends to submarine crews interned in Holland and Switzerland, and they have given their reasons to the Ger- man. Government for this opinion. It appears certain, 'however, that the real reason why the Germans are withholding the ratification -of the agreement is the question of Germans in China. If so, the action of Ger- many is entirely indefensible. The treatment >f Germans in China is a matter for the Chinese Government, and has nothing whatever to do with an agreement dealing with prisoners in Germany and the British Empire. Until recently Germans in China have been treated with very remarkable consideration. It is be- lieved that they have been left in most cases at complete liberty. If now the Chinese Go- vernment have decided to follow the example of all other belligerents and intern those Ger- I mans, who would otherwise be a centre of I German intrigue in China, or worse, that is a matter which is clearly one within the com- petence of the Chinese Government. It would be intolerable if Germany were to be allowed first to ill-treat our prisoners, and then to decline to improve their condition un- less we put pressure on one of our Allies to re- train from doing something which they aro I tleaVly entitled and probably well advised to do, It is evident that if the. British Govern- ment were to yield on such a point a £ that it would open a door for unlimited blackmail by Germany, and ultimately would result in still worst treatment for our prisoners than they at present endure, in order that the €ferchans might extort from us still more valuable can- ceesionsk The British Government are. ready and willing to ratify the agreement which was made at The Hague, whjch they believe will be ef advantage to prisoners of war in both countries; and if the Gorman. Government de- cline to ratify it. the responsibility for such action must rest with them, and when the day of reckoning comes their conduct in this re- spect will not be forgotten. Meanwhile, the I British Government will in default of the rati- I fication of the agreement take whatever steps are open to them to promote the better treat- I ment of their fello'v-couutrymeu in Germany. ——— -& —————

I RAIN SUPERSTITIONS. From very ancient times 6uperstitioui beliefs have existed concerning rain, and many quaint little rites have been performed by agric-altiral people anxious for. the wel- fare of their crops. For a cat to appear un- usually restless is still held in sonxe rural districts to be a sign of ram. It has also been noticed that when the cows all lie down in the fields rain yery often follows before long, usually of a mere or less violoat cha- racter. In oae of the northern provinces of India the maidens used to h^v? a quaint custom. When rain was desired they would sally forth with jaM of water, which they calm?v poured do'.vn tho bac? of any old woman who happened to bo pas-iu?. ThiF dangerous practice if? now fortunately out of prlet,-t!e is n,)Ni, fozlliiiiately o-at of ( l a'e. -,Ntany heathen uscc l tf, ;mpliíth in the virtue l of rainstoucs. TbeTe were just pieces of rock, often cf peculiar shape or colour, wcich they held tc ,Yc sacred; and when rain was wanted the niniple act of placing thes? stones in a bastft of water was thought cevtuia to produce cooling showers at short notice. But the savages have a short "way with unsuccessful rain-^nakers. leading them to instant execution if they failed too ofie-ri. yally witch doctors must have last their through too strong a faith in tne r £ liJ" pt?np?. 8om<. people b?Ii?-? t? th? day t??. in a of severe t e errface of rivers, pildzz, etc., will quic^y call up refreshing showers. The flogging 14 done by nrcieraLly cf huz-el.

I COLOUR OF THE SUN. The SUll. many people say, is white, and }t.hrS' say it is yellow. As a joaatter of fact it is neither one nor the other. Its colour in reality is a beautiful blue, and balloon- ists;, while they have not seen it in all its glory, have gaiXied some notion of that mag. jifioent aztu'e of the tsun of which astrono- mers tell us. As the light filters through our foa-ty miles of atmosphere its colour is interfered with, and to us. it appears white or yellow. dt.

GERMANY AND AUSTRIA ASK FOR I ARMISTICE. I WILSON TERMS ACCEPTED. I The. newly-appointed German Imperial Chancellor, Prince Max of Baden, han signalised his assumption of office by making a speech in which he announced that on .behalf of the Governments of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey, he had ad- dresaed? on the night of Oct. 4-5, thrOUg_¡ the intermediary of Switzerland, a Note to t5e President of the United States, asking him to take up the question of the bringing about of peace, and to communicate to this end with all the belligerent States. The German Note requests President Wil- I son to invite all the belligerent States to scud plenipotentiaries for the purpose of open- ing negotiations. It accepts the fourteen- pomts" programme set forth by the Presi- 1 dent, of tlie United States in his Message to Congress on January 8, 1918, and in his latere pronouncements, especially hi6 speech of Sept. 27, as a basis for peace negotiations. The immediate conclusion of an armistice on "land and water and in the ..air ia requested by the G-erfnan -Goverximent. -.vith a- view to avoiding further bloodshed. The, Austrian Note, which is in similar states. that the Austro-Hungarian. Monarchy has always waged the war solely as a defensive war, and has repeatedly an- nounced its readiness for -,a just. and honour- able peace. I FOURTEEN POINTS. I The fourteen points formulated by Presi- I dent Wilson on January 8 may be sum- marised as follows:- 1. No secret diplomacy. 2. Freedom of the seas. 3. No economic war. ¡ 4. Limitation of armaments. 5. All colonial claims to be impartially decided; the interest of the populations affected to have equal weight with those of the Governments whose titles were in ques- tion'. 6. The evacuation. of Ri-irsiau territory and assistance to the Russian people. 7. The evacuation and restoration -of Bel- gium and the full recognition of her sovereignty. g. All French territory to be "freed"; the invaded. districts to be "restored" and "the wrijjig done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine" to be "righted." Tho readjustment of the' Italian fron- tier on the hnes of nationality. 10. Autonomy for the Austrian subject nations. i 11. The Balkans to be evacuated, Serbia t.o- I)c- granted an outlet to the sea, and the independence of the Balkan States to be guaranteed. 12. Turkish subject nations to be assured of • "uruk>ubted security of life and un- molested opportunity of autonomous de- vc!or»ment. The Dardanelles to be inter- nationalised, and Ottoman sOYereignty to be recognised only iu Turkish districts. 1 Poland to be independent. .14. The establishment of a League of Nations, 4 FIVE CONDITIONS. 1 'Last mouth, explaining the .United States Government's views with Wgard to peace, l'uclident Wilspn, stated five conditions:—' First, the impartial justice meted out must involve no discrimination between those ■}<>, whom we wish., Co be just and those to -iom we do not wish to be j iist, mllgt" be a justice that- plays no t'avouritesj and (knows no standards but the equal rights of the seveTal peoples concerned. Second, no special or separate interest of any single nation or any group of nations can bo.mfide the basis of any part of the settlement, which is not consistent with the CQNnon interest of all. Third, there can. be no leagues or alliances or; special covenants, and understandings within the general and common family of tit, League of Nations. Fourth, and more specifically, there can' bo no special selfish economic combinations within .the League, and no employment of any form of economic boycott.or exclusion, except as the power of economic penalty by exclusion-from tho markets of the world may be vested in the League of Nations itself as a means of discipline and control.. Fifth, all international agreements and treaties of every kind must be. made known in thou* entirety to the rest of the world. JThis-'is.-the peace policy of President WiI- son, which has now been assented to by the German Government.