The North Wales Chronicle and Advertiser for the Principality

I NEWSPAPER ECONOMY. I HOW THE PUBLIC CAN HELP TO PREVENT WASTE. Our readers are already aware of the fact that the Government has decided to place an embargo on the importation of the raw material of paper manufacture, with the re- Bult that the supply of material to be avail- able for newspaper production will be seriously curtailed. There will not, of course, be any restriction of newspaper cir- culation, and all who want a paper will be able to get one: the economy will have to be effected in the size of the broad-sheet. There is, however, one respect in which the issue of a newspaper can be economised without inconvenience to the public. It. is a fairly well-known fact that many papers are issued to the newsagent on sale or re- turn. The issue in each case is in excess of the newsagents' certain requirements, and is made in order to meet the needs of the casual purchaser. There is, consequently, in many cases, a waste of paper. That waste ought to be avoided, and the public can help in preventing it by always purchasing' their Xorih Woles Chronicle from the same dealer. If this be done the exact requirements of each dealer will be satisfied weekly, without redundancy and without waste.

NEW SPRING JERSEYS for Breakfast, Holiday and all Sports Wear. Advance Shows in all Departments at Old Priccs. WARTSKI'S By Bangor Cathedral.

19th CENTURY R EN I I iN I S C, E.N ,(., E S. The old toll-gates throughout tho coun try, were a source ot considerable revenue, thougtt their existence led eventually to a strong feel- ing' which in time led to their abolition. The toil gatxs were annually let to the highest bidders, and for their guidance in tending in tenders the official advertisements genera ny, stated the amounts which accrued from each, toll gate during the previous year. For in- stance, in Carnarvonshire "the toll gates and their bars, chains and side gates produced in 1856 (clear of the cost of collecting) the follow- ing suma": Gwydr gate, near Lhsnrwst, £ 262; Gyffin gate, near Conway, £ 105; Con- way Marsh gate, £ 52; Penmaenmawr gate, £ 23 10.0; Tanlon, north of Talybont, £ 136; Bangor and Vaynol gates, £ 155; Tafarngris-* iau, .£121; Bodrual, near Carnarvon, £ 177; Penllyn, near Llanberis, £ 14.3; Gwastadnant, Llanberis, £ 58; Glangwna, near Carnarvon, £ 161; Rhjd-ddu, £ 70; Gelli, near Xantlle* £ 20; Pant Du, £ 18; Dolydd, .£90; Berth, Llanllvfni, £ 80 10s; Maesmawr, near Pwll- heli, £ 57; Clynnog, £ 116; and Sciont gatej near Carnarvon, £ 369. In th-e same year the toll gates in Dcni);gii. shire were let as follows:—Mold and Den- bigh district, £ 1110; Denbigh and Rhuddian district, £ 705; Conway district, £ 375; and St.. Asaph district, X132. Separate details are not given in the advertisement soliciting ten- ders, and the same is the case in regard to Flintshire, where the amounts derived in 185G "over and above the expense of collecting" were:-Flint district. tl096 12s 9d; Holywell district, E608 86 4d; and Mostyn district, .£785 19s lid. Close upon eixty years ago the coroner for Denbighshire appeared in an unusual role— that of defendant in the county court. It ap- pears that the worthy gentleman had been holding an inquest at Llansilin, and soott after received an account from the landlord of the inn, "for the use of room on the occasion of an inquest, and also for beer given to the jurors on the said occasion." According to the evidence of one of the jurors the coroner had observed to the jury that the sum of 56 was generally allowed for the use of the room, and "given in drink," by which, w. presume, was meant that the money was in- tended to cover the cost of the room and drink to the jurors. The landlord, on the other hand, contended that the charge was 59 for the room and an additional Gs for the beer consumed. It is not surprising that the judgo remarked that the custom of giving beer to jurors was quite new to him, and certainly; improperly." The outcome of the case was that the corouer had to pay the landlord's claim. It is just possible that it was custom- ary in some parts of the country to give lieer to jurors after they had done their work, otherwise one can hardly imagine a coroner concurring in the practice. In these notes last week reference w;:s njado to the appointment of the Rev. Charles Wil- liams, B.D., incumbent of Holyhead, to the principalship of Jesus College, Oxford, in 185S. Mr Williams had vicar of Holyhead for thirteen years, and upon hie departure the parishioners presented him with a lSnic of silver plate. The presentation was formally; made by the Hon. W O. Stanley. M.P., who immediately remarked that. the publio subscriptions to the testimonial fund had reached .£107 2s. Mr Williams, in acknow- ledging the gift, reminded those present at) the rnûtinig that he preached his first sermon at Holyhead on the Sunday before Christmas Day, in the year 1844. The population 01 the town was then slightly over 4000, but in a very short time it had more than doubled. From time to time Bangor has extended hospitality to many distinguished visitors. In 1857 "His Excellency Ferouk Khan, the Persian Ambassador, and suite, consisting of nine nobles and three servants," came to Ban- gor and stayed at the Penrhyn Arms Ilote). The following day they left in their carriages to inspect t1.e Britannia Tubular Bridge and file Me-nai Suspension Bridge. Front thence they went to the Pen- rhyn Quarries, and were shown over the works by Mr Francis. They returned t Bangor throu-Ii Penrhyn Park. II i. Excel- lency the Persian Ambassador com eyed, through Capt. Lynch, an English genlleman who accompanied him, "that it would givs him pleasure to recommend his friends visit- ing this county to the Penrhyn Arms Hotel, the comforts of which he should always .-peak! of." The Penrhyn Arm.* Hotel was the first building used for the aiversity College of North Wales, and is till in use for fnte de- partments of college work, though the art* section has for some time been housed in tho imposing new buildings on the hjllide over- looking Bangor.

WELSH OFFICER DISMISSED! FROM THE ARMY. As a result of a court-martial held at Kinmel Camp on January 13th. under the pietideucy 01 Colonel T. A. Wynne Edwards, of the 21c;t n. serve Battalion of the Royal Welsh Ku*i!ierv Captain J. Leslie Down, of the 21st Reset ve lla" tahon of the "Welsh Regiment, has been disn>is»edl from the Army.

i GOLDEN GOAT, CARNARVON. ? GREAT SALE HrNOW ON. | I-K. S. > PIERCE WILLIAMS. ¥ j 

■ 0' i••• < t •. An announcement of Interest to those Ladies who are thinking of ordering a new Costume for the Spring. BROWN S OF CHESTER ir? (One of the Most Up-to-date Stores in the Kingdom). IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT OF THE LADIES' TAILORING SECTION. I Your I I Spring Costume. This Spring, more than ever, the demand will be for smart, well-tailored Coats and Skirts—that useful and practical garment always so popular-we are now prepared with our New Spring Collection of Ready- to- wear Costumes which comprise the very latest and most exclusive productions in Navy Coat- ings, Coloured Tweeds, Gabardines, &c. Prices from X3 3s. Ode There are, however, quite a number of ladies who do not like ready-made garments, and have a preference for a really well-cut Tailored Costume made to measure, and it is to meet this want that we make the following intimation. A I New Note a I in Tailoring. The Ladies' Tailoring Section at Brown's has always been a large and successful side of our business, but this spring, in anticipa- tion of the growin g demand for Tailor-mades, we are making arrangements to cope with a much larger business, and have secured the services of a clever Belgian Cutter and Fitter, and opened another workroom, and are now in a position to turn out Costumes made to measure, which in cut, fit, and workmanship cannot be excelled. Suits made to order in Navy Coatings, Tweeds, &c. from Y,4 14s 6d Ladies in ordering Costumes to be made have the advantage in selecting styles of seeing our large and beautiful Stock of Ready-made Suits, comprising up- wards of three hundred different styles. I Place your I Order Early. -1 4 In soliciting orders we would remind our customers that there are difficulties in execution just now, owing to the limited number of workers available, and we would strongly urge the desirability of placing orders at once to avoid disappointment in delivery. PATTERNS; SKETCHES, ESTIMATES-FREE. BROWN & Co. (LCHIMEISTTEEDR 34 to 40, Eastgate Row, Chester. N V

I RUMANIA. I t B-v Percy Alden, M.P.) 'M e, position of The position of Rumania is of special im- portance at the present moment. It is untrue to say that Rumania has agreed not to aban- don neutrality without the consent of Grecce. Not only so, but it is most improbable that Buunania would consent to come in on the tide of t1< Teutonic Powers. In fact, the whole of the discussion in the German papers is directed to the one end of how to avert Rumania's intervention on the side of the Allies. It is more than possible that the at- tack on .Salonika has been delayed because Rumania's neutrality is not assured, or be- cause. it it. thought that the concentration of her armies on her southern frontier implies an anti-Germanic attitude. There is no doubt that Germ.any is making great efforts to in- fluence the pro-German party, and she will not o!ol) at mere representations, for she i.s desirous of the demobilisation of the Ruman- ian army and of formal assurances of neu- trality. These circumstances make it important to understand a. little of the historical position which Rumania occupies. It is on the ques- tion cf nationality that the whole Rumanian problem rests, for notwithstanding the widely divergent theories as to the-origin of the Rumanian nation we know enough to be able to trace with some degree of certainty that the Dacians, who were a branch of the Thrac- iait race and established themselves about the 6th century B.C. on both sides of the Car- pathian ranges after anany years of conflict with Rome, came under the influence of Roman civilisation, and eventually became a flourishing dependency of the Rome Empire, so much so in fact that it was often called "Daoia Felix. The «u:bseqnen-t inroads of Gotht3 and Huns did not by any means de- stroy Roman influence upon the country or the population, but with the coming of the Slavs about the beginning of the seventh cen- tThry, the Rumanians were separated from the Romans, and parts of the Rumanian country 'became dependent on a new State founded by the Bulgarians. The Hungarians, at the end of the ninth •century, put an end to the Bul- garian domination "in Daoia, although the Hungarians themselves were influenced by the Daeo-Romans. It would not be untrue to say that so far as actual language and race is concerned the Rumanians are living to-dav almost exactly where their ancestors of 1500 years ago lived. The Rumanian people as a whole have not made any very large advance from an edu- cational point of view. Four-fifths of the population of Rumania proper, viz., the pea- sant population is extremely backward and illiterate. The result is that they- cannot realise their rights and their duties under the western institutions imposed upon them.. The tragedy of Rumania is that its population is scattered over countries in the possession of other States, for example, there are Ruman- ians in Transylvania (2,949,000), Bukovina (about 250,000), Bessarabia (1.000,000), and also in Serbia, Bulgaria, and Macedonia. The total number of the Rumanian population is probably about 12,000,000. Of the 7,500,000 of people who inhabit the present kingdom of Rumania, nearly 5,500,000 (or about three- qu art ere) are Rumanian. These figures give H6 a clue to the national aspirations of Rumania, for the principle of nationality is the political programme of parties in that country. Rumania naturally wants Russia to give back Bessarabia taken from her in 1S78, and she naturally looks towards Transylvania with its nearly 3,000.000 of the Rumanian race deprived 'by the Hungarian Government of every possible means of political expression. In considering, therefore, the attitude that Rumania is likely to take in this war,w«o have to remember that first- of all she considers which path of conduct is likely to off-or her the greater advantage in unifying and solidi- fying the Rumanian population. It is not improbable, judging from the events of to- day, that Russia has come to some sort of agreement, with Rumania over Bessarabia, for the Ruseification of Bessarabia has never taken place owing to the reactionary attitude of the Russian, Government in respect of edu- cation. Transylvania is, therefore, the pivot upon which Rumania turns, and as the treat- ment of tiro Rumanians by Hungary has been a fundamental contradiction of the principles of justice, we may be sure that in the view of most people in Rumania and of its most powerful personalities, Rumania's interest lies on the side of the Entente. KifEjg Ferdinand is, of course, German by descent. His wife Marie, daughter of the Duke of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, is half- British and half-Russian. He is a nephew of KinO" Carol, to whc.m Rumania, owes niiieh I The policy of Rumania is very much in the hands of small groups of politicians, and. powerful personalities will have much to do with the future action of Rumania in this war; the chief of them is the King himself, who virtually controls the foreign policy of hie kingdom. The present Prime Minister, M. Bnatianu, is largely under the influence of thi? Crown, but he is a practical man, and does not wish his country to be exposed to danger. He is, therefore, unwilling to enter into this European Armageddon without ample guarantees for the future. It is quite possible to misjudge Rumania in taking such an action, since there arc men lik-e M. Take Jom £ scu, the exponent of progressive ideas in Rumanian politics, and Filipescu, a Coneer- vaf iv<e with strong Anti-Magyar feelings, both of whom are on the side of intervention. But a. somewhat colourless Cabinet controlled by the Government beiJ.ieves the policy of oppor- tunism to be justified. After all Rumania cannot supply herself with munitions in the same way that other countries can. She has been dependent in the past for her supply cf war material both on German and Austrian arsenals, but especially upon Krrpp. War on modern lines involving vast expenditure on munitions would soon see her exhausted in that respect, for Germany failed to fulfil even the old contracts. Accordingly Rumania waits and watches. Our withdrawal from the Dardanelles has profoundly affected her, Success there would have meant her intervention on the side of the Allies, but even under present circum- stances. with the Allies blockading the Straits, Rumania's economic position is in- secure, for her only accet-s to the Mediterran- ean is by land, and transport facilities at the moment are either expensive or non- existent. Nevertheless the interests of Ru- mania cannot be on the side of Germany or Austria j certainly not on the side of Bulgaria which improperly deprived her of a strip of the Dobrudja. Hon. Secretary, Council for the Study of International Relations.