North Wales Gazette

AGRICULTURE. A much greater quantity of hills and heath ground was in ullage before, than since the years)t (amine about a century ago when many entire farms of a wet or fate soil were allowed to lie waste and uncultivated- That improvements have not made greater progress, the small stock of the greater part of the tenants, t he shortness of leases (of "which the impoverished stale ol land at the begin- !>•«;and expiration ot them is the natural con. <|uence) the price of labour, and the dis tance from market, may be assigned as the principal causes. Under ail, or a tew of these iis dvanfages, if must require the strictest economy, and the greatest exertions of indus try in the tenant to succeed at all his im- provements at first muss lie very circumscrib ed; ai d as their future essay must depend up- on the excess ofIhe preceding,their progress must be slow. F<>r many years past the powers of lime in /promoting vegetation have been kilo" II, an d the quantity put upon land for that purpose is annually increasing* But long after its first introduction, the method of cropping land, after the application of lime, retarded rather than promoted the-melioration.of the soil — For a field after bemg limed, by having three or sometimes four crops of oats in succession, •without the assistance of dnng, was necessa- rily reduced to a more impoverished slate than before. But experience soon taught the im- propriety of a practice which no doubt arose from considering lime not as a stimulus, but -as a manure-, and is ;ioxv adopted by those only of narrow circumstances,.and whose views reach no further than a little present profit, or an indemnification for the price of the lime. The advantages of fallow and green crops are now partially k<;owu, aud the number of acres under turnips, pofatoe, and sown grass is annually increasing. By the melioration of the soil and pasture in some farms of the ad- joining parish, the iiuu her of cattle has been increased, and the breed improved in thesanie proportion. Tt)(- ilitic laws. tilo con- nected willi agricllllllrc, or the necessaries ,of lif, are lt)ii(fly c,,tvililiiliied of', liy nt)iwi bers in the principality as a heavy grievance. it is ilioti,Iii ex(-cedi, liird iiiil a iiiiii dat-e not shoot a hare or a partridge on his own farm, or in his own garden, but like a poacher or a thief; and that others may come 10 deo so at his very door, to his great mortification, and perhaps to the injury of his crops. We may remark, that ihionghoiit the prin- cipality, besides the desire and hope of a laudable spirit of emulation fully appears "aclual iog- the public mind, and opens Ihe fair prospect of mullifarions improvement. The whole of this parish is in great waul of roads. Theile improvenwnts which have been often talked o(, but never executed, would add con- siderably to the value of the lauds and conve nience of the inhabitants by opening a com liiiinication wiih many parts of the adjacent country, at present 111 a great measure inacces sihle, except t'y posr'passengers, or horses ac- customed to the roads. htanedl. A LOOKER-ON. The roads in this parish have long been neg lecled, and are at present in a state ol wretch ed repair. In winter they are often totally impassable for carriages of every kind. This parish is ill provided in fuel. Peat-moss i liowever generally used,which the) bring from a considerable distance, and taking into the account the time and labour wasted in digging, drying, and carrying it home, is still more ex pensive than coal. From Ihe small size of Ihe farms, and the want of spirit, and even ability in tiie tenants, it is not likely that this object will he soon accomplished. It is hoped the proprietors will see their own interests in lending them some assistance. Agriculture is here in a state of infancy The principal corn crops is oats. Barley is raised but in a few places and green crops are seldom attempted. There is abund-ant I reason for supposing that a spirit for such im- provements will not be difficult to excite; for of ale many substantial inclosures have fieen made in this and Ihe adjoining parishes,where in addition to these,there have been several plantations of wood formed with an equal re- gard to beauty and ability. Fallowing the soil rs too seldom practised, and turnips are so rare a sight, that no sooner do they mke their appearand in a field, than the neighbouring bovs set upon them, like apples in an orchard, and eat and carry them away. In its natural aspect the surface of the ground is rugged, unequal,and hilly. Towards 'he north it rises to an elevation somewhat higher than the level of its southern parts.— The hills aie rocky, and for the most part covered with heath The lower tracts lying flicii) are marshy. The soil is usually loam, gravel, peat-earth or clay. The ordi- nary indigenous grasses form the common sward of the pasture-grounds* Little native implanted wood is to be seen within Ihe parish. Furze and wild shruhs are nlore plentiful. Some stllnlI streams, and springs, serve to water the liarisli hut it is neither bounded nor intersected by any great river. Pepi y bryti. GO W R. Among thedisadvanfages that have hitherto retarded agricultural improvements, may he reckoned Ihe badeess of the roads, the dis- tance from foreign manure, and especial y the poverty of Ihe greater part of the farmers to whom the land is at present let, in very small portions II is to he wished and expected from the It- itid prudent activity of the landholders and the inhabitants in general of this parish, thai the culture of green crops may he more elleratly and heart tly adopted. that new efforts may be continually made among Ihtfm to bring still more and more of their mosses and bo. s under tilfage that the farms may be still more carefully fenced and subdivided that the culture of wheat u» a cer- tain proportion may be adopted into their agriculture—since where barley grows, wheat may very ofien he successfully produced thalthecross roads may be multiplied and improved that without deserting their hus- bandry, the people may take a profitable share in the fishery of the coasts and above all, that a parochial school, which is unac- countably wauling, may be speedily instituted. Repealed fallows thai admit of no crop for Ihe season, are not perhaps absolutely neces sary for the mere purpose of keeping the land clean, provided that green crops, and particu- larly drill crops, be judiciously introduced; and though it shollld èvell be found impossi sihle upon some soils, to raise a good crop of wheal without a previous fallow, it may ad mil of a quest ion, whether a crop of barley <n place of ) he wheat, together with a green crop in place of the fallow, might not be more va- luable than the crop of wheat that would he i thereby superseded and whether the laud might not also remain iii equally good, if not better condition. DANK.

To the Editor of the Nod-It IVales Gazette. MJMBER XI. The general tenor of the works attributed to Gildas, being such as I have endeavoured to represent in the course of my communica- tions, it cannot he supposed that Iheise writ- ings were intended to favour the Church of Rome, in which there do not appear the least traces of any tendency to that effect; 111 which the utmost precision is observahle in the nar rafive, and the lust and most approvedautho rities consulted in which the style and Ian guage are accommodated to the best classical models, and the whole expressive of the feel, ings of a person labouring under Ihe keenest anguish for the calamitous state of his COUll try. Can any thing be more improbable than that this piece of history, so eminently supe- rior to any that have been written for many centuries afterwards, should he considered as the production of iii itisidio, s Roman Fccle siastic ? Or that the work., of which I have given several specimens, a work of very in considerable length, and yet abounding with allusions and phrases, which would become all author of the first classical celebrity, that this work can possibly with any shadow of proha bility, of the least shew of reason, be taxed as uncouth and barbarous m the extreme, and identified with a work to which it has not the most distant resemblance, and in which only two words can be produced to shew the most distant appearance of identity ? 1 have, 1 hope. sufficiently proved that the charges are ill-founded: that it contains in itself a com plele refutation of them that it shows a de gree of sincerity and piety in the author uicinii pafihle with the idea of its being a fabrica- non, and ought to be considered, as one of the most valuable productions of antiquity, and in every respect highly deserving the at tention of I he classical scholar. Having shown ihe futility of these charges, it is necessary to anticipate an objection, which is frequently (.-r-'ed. h% the author to supply the place of argument. The several extracts which 1 have produced as illustrative of the history, and corroborating mug! dFctually hoth itsitillieti, ticity and genuineness, may he litillitie(lby one broad assertion, viz. -1 tlial they arc all inter (lolations, invented by the Monks, to give authority to the forgery alld thus to make the Britons neglect their autient history, and submit more easily to the Papal power." Such an objection, however, as it has nothing but overture in support of it, ueeds no refuta- ioii. The denial-of the exister.ee of Britisn ecords by Gildas first suggested to the author he idea of its being a fabrication. Thus one casual expression, which is strictly true, con slims the oldest British history to contempt, as the work of an-uoprinciphd forgery. All succeeding historians must ue mangled, and adapted to countenance this forgery 1 and then ihe object of this assertion must be conjectured as intended to favour the Church of Rome. This is undoubtedly a very strange and far- fetched method ot accounting for one stugle assertion. This is certainly carrying" a theory to a most unparalleled exient. The mere assertion that no records existed relative to the calamities which befel the Britons at dif ferent periods, is made the foundation of a theory, which affects the credibility of all lb antient historians, and attaches motives to the Romish Clergy, which are totally irreconcila- bit-. with the times in which this supposed for- gery took place. This most insidious asser- tion, according to this wonderful theory, is made by some adherent to the Church of Rome with I he base design of advancing the Papal authority and whatever tends to confirm the history under the name of Gildas, must be attributed to the craft of the Monks; who are accused of destroying every record which did not tavour their cause, and of mntllatillg; and interpolating others in order to serve their purposes. That such a system was ever adopt ed resis upon the authority of mere tmsup- por ed conjecture. It cannot he denied but that the Romish Clergy in later ages were fond of itiveiiiiiie, legendary I ales, and intrud- ing them as real lnstoiy but with respect to sticii a forgery as that of the history of Gil- das, they had neither the means nor abililies s ing it During the time of the Saxon-heptarchy, when it is supposed to have taken place, the Church of Home had not assumed that imperious tone, nor were her Clergy so degenerate as to practise such insi- I dious acts. The character given to Aldhelm is slIch as would revolt at an attempt of such a nature Besides, this history was consider ed authentic by his cotemporary, Bed, the most learned man uf that age, who made it Ihe foundation of his ecclesiastical history. If such vague ci i jeclures are to.serve as speci- mens of sound criticism, there will he an end, ai once, to all history: and the truth of every individual fact will be questioned, according as it accords will), or militates against some favourite preconceived opinion. By the pro valence of such a theory as the present, a labyrinth of perplexities, and a multiplicity of conjectures would soon involve the whole fabric of Briiisn history, in one chaotic mass ufdctllhts and uncertainties Every passage in at.-tieitt which lends in lie least respect to confirm Gild as is condemned, with out any proof, as an interpolation thus a great portion of the LSrutis to be expunged, because the depee,dance of Britain upon the Roman legions is mentioned, and of Nennius, because I);: stale in a most unequivocal man, ner in his apology, that no written records existed, and invariably appeals to the train tioiis and. monuments of the autient Britons Even a part of Giraldns is considered in the same light, merely because an allusion is made to the history of all which mterpola lions the author attributes to the zeal of the tioiiiati Catliolics. to make the Welsh Clergy neglect their own history, and submit to the Pope Upon such weak and incoherent-con- jectures the author of the Collectanea Cam brica endeavours to shew the spurtousness at j Gildas a very convenient method, it must be allowed, of maintaining his hypothesis, but such a* can by no means satisfy the mind of an impartial enquirer. Not content wiln this, the author carries his theory much further, and supposes, on the grounds of mere imagi nation, that the works of the real Gildas are still to be found either in the Vatican, or in the libraries a! Ferrara, or (ke book stalls at Milan with equal probability it might be j imagined that I hey were carried off by (he Moors, and are now lodged at Tombuctoo in She interior of Africa. Bangor. J.J.

THE AGRICUL* URiST'S REMEMBRANCER FOR JULY. Hall .Making; will be finished before if-,e end of this month. Should Ihe weather be uncer- tain, the hay makers engaged may be adviii tageotislv employed HI stone picking, weeding, hoeing, digumg ditch earlh, emptying ponds and drains, grubbing up wood, or any kind of business which ought to occupy lb. leisure of the summer season. Thus the farmer will have no hands standing idle, or at a useless expense, and at the same time will be ready with full force to lay hold on every opportu- nity offered for the preservation of his crops Hoeing Crops—These crops, as before di- rected, must be attended with regular monthly diligence, that no wceds be suffered to remain on the land, and that the earth he left in a loose and pulverised stale. The roots of young cabbage plants should be moulded up with fresh earth. The F.old-Fold those lands where the dnllcr may be immediately turned in, and particu- larly the mowing grounds. fallows and Couching—This month and the succeeding, afford the dog day fallow of such great consequence for the eradication of couch and twitch grass, and every rubbish of that species, upon stubborn a lid binding clays. As to batk and Coltsfoot, there is no immediate remedy but the spade and hand labour. Farm Yard-Siiiec clearing the yards in May, at the breaking Ul) of the winter fold (If course they have been supplied with a foun- dation of earth and manures for the succeed- ing winter. In the mean time, according to the maxims of the new husbandry, there will he also a summer straw yard. Iu fact, the home-stall will at no time of the year he with- out folding and lodging a slock of cattle, by which means the profits of farming are in- creased in a two fold view-Ample limc, la- hour, and expense, ought to be allowed for these very important branches of the (arming business, and without, regret, since thev are its main pillars and support. Manures—The hot and dry season is proper for emptying ponds. collecting mud and weeds from rivers, ditches, and drains. If this is collected into a mass, with a proper quantity of virgin earth and lime, it will ferment, and become au excellent compost for pasture land, by the beginning of November, having beeu once previously turned in October. We tnust again strongly recommend to country gentlemen, to promote, as far as in fhem lies, file IJraclice of Vtlccinlltion, It has become in England a subject of legislative provision* most deservedly, inasmuch as it prevents the miseries and danger consequent upon a loathsome and infectious disease. We must also repeat our hopes that a greater at- tention may be paid to the construction of cottages While they continue in the abject state of dirt and disorder in which they are at present, the laudable pains that have latterly been taken to disseminate instruction, must fail considerably of their effect-the filill, ir- regularity, and iuconvenieiice of the habita- tion, is a perpetual drawback upon the effi- cacy of the I)rCCcpt iu fact, many of the di- rections enjoined in books, are fouud imprac- ticable at home, and become consequently a dead letter Information and comfort should go hand in hand, otherwise the poor must be rather injured than benefitted by a process, which only enabled them to feel more acutely the wants which they are unable to supply, and the evils they are incapable of remedying. We shall now proceed to the

PLANTER'S CALENDAR. Time for discontinuing watching Birds-The whole of the new sown beds, and drills of spring sown seeds, will by this time have made their appearance, and the firs and larches will have dishurthened their tops, of the husks of the seeds, which they pushed above ground when gerrmnaiing-. Watching birds will there- fore be no longer necessary. Cleaning A'ursery Grounds—The nursery should be assiduously kept clear of weeds. If it he fora week or two neglected at this season, the annual poa grass,, chick weed, or the like, will get to a seed hearing slate, shake their seeds, and so lay a foundation for much future labour- Management of [Veedx— is very wrong to lay down weeds in heaps in the nursery. If large weeds be pulled and laid down, having lire seeds formed, they will ripen, although not so perfectly as if the plants had stood in Iheir natural spot, yet sufficiently to grow, and I hey will ripen much too than if they had been unmoved. They should be car- ried off after b'ing pulled, to some place near the nursery ground, where they are to be laul up ill proper ridges for rotting, and it mixed with lime, it will much hasten their decom. position. Prunin.g Plants in fine is too early to commence the pruning of large trees: but if will he proper to over the young planls IU the lines, and to pinch off any shoo) that seems to contend with the main leader of the tree this will be found useful, especially to trees planted last year-larches and tirs of this age should he thus treated. Such as have been two years in the lines require (be kiiite-ctit the competing shoots closehythe hole, being areful to leave the IIlallls regularly clothed with smail twigs Plants so pruned at this season, have their wounds healed over before the time for removing tlie-ii arrive I/fling >'vergreens—By the end of this month, we may venture to lift evergreen trees and shrubs to fill up any vacancies in the park, lawn, or shrubberies. Damp weather, if possible, should he chosen for this operation, and the plants should be removed with large balls of earth. If draught follow the removal, they s'noulJ be watered plenti- fully, so that the water may sink down to the undermost roofs,

MISOELLANKOUS. The circulation of local tokens is allowed, lill six weeks after the next meeting of Par- I lament. Sir Henry Brown Hayes, Knight, who was lately saved from the wreck in Falkland Is- | lauds, is the Gentleman who, some years since, was sentenced to transportation for forcibly carrying away Miss Mary Pike. Carrots have been found to grow wit I, great luxuriance on cultivated moss in different parts of both England and Scotland- At Casiiehead, Lancashire, they were raised on moss to the value of 70/. an acre and carrots 10 inches round at Ihe neck were raised on a deep slow moss at Barskimming, Ayrshire. Mr. Palmer.—ll is s;ud tins gentleman is to be remunerated for his plans hy a vote of 50,0001. and by the continuance ot the annui- ty of 3,0001. a year on Ins own life and those of hiiwo sons. The grant is unquestionably liberal: hut it must be allowed that every part of Great Britain, Stolhnd. and Ireland, feels tbe henefit of his plans every hour in every day. Small Pox lnociitation,It was stated, on Wednesday se'nnighf, by Lord Ellenborough, in the House of Lords", in the course of the discussion on the Vaccination Bill, that inocu- lating with the small pox near any place to which hIs Majesty's subjects resort, is an in- dictable offence in all the persons concerned in it aud that persons are also 10 like man- ner indictable for exposing themselves with the small pox upon them. L, | The sale of the Devonshire cattle belonging to the late Mr. Money Hill, of Waterdeii, Norfolk, was numerously attended on Thurs- day se'nnighf. The whole stock (66 head) fetched ¡ 900t, One cow and her calf a week old, sold for 92 guineas—the former was' pur- chased hv Mr. Jary at 42 guineas, and the bull calf by Mr. Coke at 50 guineas—two weaned calves fetched 32 guineas—Mr. Upcher gave 68 guineas for a cow. Corn. By the provisions of the Bill now pending in Parliament for the regulation of the Corn Laws, importation may always fake place; ati(l' if, from the 15th of November, 1813. the price of per qr. pr qr. Wheat shall be 85s. a duty will be payable of 10s. Barley 39s jOs- Oafs 28s 0s. ilea3e & Beatis 59s. I. 10s If Ihe prices ot each sort or lorn Siuiu the above prices, life diity will (liniiiiisl) in pro- portion to the advance of price, shilling tor shilling, till it becomes Is. per quarter, if the price*'shall fall below the above prices, the duty will advance proportionally. Comparative Jllortalitj/—ll appears from the Population Returns of 1811, that Ihe an uual mortality of the county of Somerset is I in every 52 111 Devon 1 in 58 in Cornwall 1 in 62 ii> Dorset I in 57 in Hampshire 1 in 49; III fViltshire I in 54; in Glocestershirc 1 in 61 •, Herkskire 1 in 53 in Oxfordshire 1 in 55 in Middlesex, it appears that a much greater proportion die than in any other cjun- .1 ilitv I)eiII6, two it) 36; ty, the annual mortality being two in 36; whilst in Cardiganshire i he deaths are 1 in 73; which is less than in any othercounty. Tak- ing all England together, 1 in 49 dies annual- ly 7and in Wales I in 60 that is, it would take 49 years to bury a number equal to the pre sent mhahitants of England; and 60, years those of Wales, Those counties which con- tain large manufacturing towllsexhibit a mor- tality wholly independant of their climate, as is exemplified in the case of IVarwickshire where the annual deaths are 1 in 42; whilst the natural salubrity of others, for instance Cornw II, is probably rendered more conspi- cuous by their exemption from sedentary em. ploymcut. We understand that it is intended to confer the honours of the Peerage, with appropriate pensions, upon Sir T. Graham and S r Row- land Hill. for their distinguished conduct in the late battle el The most respectable inhabitants of Wet liiigton, and the gentry in file vicinity, cele- brated the ever memorable victory of Vilio- ria, by a pubtic dinner al the Pheasant Inn, in that town,on Friday last. The sum of 1161. 7s. 6d liid been previously collected and was expended in purchasing 5 tat beasts, and 1388 loaves of bread which were distributed to the poorer inhabitants the same day. A serious disturbance occurred at Aberga* veiiiiv, on the evening of Wednesday 8e'u- night, between the inhabitants and a party of French prisoners on parole in that town. This unfortunate circumstance originated in a drunken man striking one of the prisoners, who returned the blow, and a affray immediately took place between then) aitd the surrounding populace the Town was for some hours a scene of confusion, most of the houses where the prisoners lodged having had the windows broken but, however, peace was at length restored by the exei-li, 7is of the Magistrates, and we are happy to a:1 1:'110 I;ttal consequence ensued, although sevtf^v persons r were severely wounded. On Tuesday an Inquest was taken at Rich- mond, before Charles Jemmett, Esq Coroner for the county of Surrey, on the body of Mr, Clackstou, aged 83, formerly of Essex street, Strand, but for several years past a resident in Kew-foot-lane, Richmond. The deceased for the last 3 months had been subject to frequent fits of despondency, occasioned by flit, sudden death of his niece, who resided with hllll, and ou Saturday last, at noon, in the absence of his attendant, precipitated himself from his chamber fcindow iiito the area, by which lie broke his tins.)), ribs, and so bruised bisskull, and other parts of liis body, that he expired, afser languishing two hours in extreme agony, Tke Jury returned a verdict of I'.unacy. He had attended Ihe Church Service on Friday morning, aud drank tea and spent the evcning with some friends, and appeared more tran quil when he relumed home than for some little preceding, il is said that he has be- queathed a handsome legacy to the poor of •sunbiiry, in Middlesex, although not at all connected with that parish. Preddenfs Message at ihe opening of the American i ongress — Mr. Madison begins by that the Emperor of Russia, early upon the breaking out of the war between Great Britain and America, otfered his medi- ation, which was immediately accepted by An erica. —Two En•■>oy s have been immedi- ately sent to St. Petersburg!) to negociate» and also to form a separate ("olUlllerclal ireaty with Russia. The message asser's. that there are now no adequate motives for Great Eri. Iain to continue the war. It once more denies the right of search, and alledgeslhat America, by passing the bill for preventing the employ- ment. of foreign seamen, ha.i done all lhat can be reasonably expected and all her rouduck towards Great Britain, has beeu marked by studied fairness "—On the subject tlf the war now waging, the President iijaiiii iiiiis, I hat it is carried on by the British -1 with savage fury on one frontier, and on a system of plun- der and conflagration on the other, which are equall) forbidden by ajust respect torllaliunal character and the laws «>f civilized men."—- The Message then alludes to the action be. tween the Hornet and Peacock, as a brilliant naval achievement and mentions that an augmentation of the naval force of America was in progress. Mr. Madison then stales, that the events of the campaign by land fur- nished topics of congratulation,, and comme- morates the attack and capture of Fort York and Fort Meigs, and the superiority of the Americans till the Lakes. The sudden death of Joel Barlow, it asserts as the reason lor the protracting the final adjustment*, of Ihe diffe- rences with France. The President next ex- hibits a view of ilit finances, and complain*, of the deficiency in the receipts for the year. Additional taxes will therefore be necessary — for no loan can be effected in future without a steady source of revenue. The lasl loan of sixteen millions was obtained at the enormous- rate of seven and a half per cent. From this cause the message concludes with a forcible ippeal to the energies of the American people, in order to maintain the war which he has entered upon for the preservation off lit- dear- est privileges of that numerous and deserving class of the community, who by thfir prowess, have contributed to the glory and honour of their country. -1" TIDE Tin FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. t rrrri « w. ^vAN 94NOS. fc I a 3 ► 2 S « O £ 5 S Sdg* S § Maybe crossed tt •- S** S«* hours after hig/, •_ t g s s « | 5 sjs. s- s «„,i™,«. « a o o » c tiue$a/e4 £ ours. < o < Q". t,) /Ws I 7Tipr~lITgl High ,ro/jW/>I)V I Water Water Water Water Water Water July. H. M. H. M. H. M. a. M. H. M. H. M. Thursday. 23 2 42 3 42 4 24 5 12 5 32 6 12 Friday,23 3 30 4 30 5 10 6 0 6 20 7 0 Saturday 24 4 18 5 18 5 58 6 4S 7 9 7 48 Sunday ..25 5 6 6 0 6 46 I 7 36 I 7 561 8 36 6th S. af. Trin. Mondav.26 5 54 6 U 7 34 8 54 8 44 9 24 1 Tuesday. 27 6 42 7 42 8 24 1 9 12 9 32 10 12 I Wednesday.28 1 7 30 8 30 9 10 ( 10 0 | 10 20 | 11 0 1 ¡ BANGOR S Printed and Published by J. Broster. Orders, for this paper, are received in London* Newton & Co. (late Tdyler & Newton,) 5, War* wiok-equare-ar)d J. White, 33, Flcet-strect- I