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AGRICULTURE.I

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AGRICULTURE. I AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. I I I The Board of Agriculture and lM&iwrics nas issued Purt Ill., vol. XLI., of the agricultural statistics for 1906. dealing -specially with "prices ;vutl supplies of ooru, live tótock and other agricultural produce. The pries of wheat. bar ley aud oat.s have now been collected on substantially the same system for a period of 86 years, and ut iuSing still earlier leoords, wo are informed it is possible to obtain a consecutive series for 136 years. Correspond ing returns for other farm products are much less satisfactory for histori- cal purposes, and it is difficult to obtain will parable data for more than a limited period. Thy relative importance of tho cereals as an item in the returns of British agriculture has deolinod witibiu the past twenty or thirty years, and there is, tiieiofore, some risk of over esti- mating th:, significance of changes in the prices of corn O) ops. It is at any late necessary to take other farm products into account before attompting to estimate the genel at result of the prices ruling in any particular period. Primarily, it may ba remarked that the vari- ous items contained in the report are illustra- ted in diagram fo:m, bringing each in concen- trated view under tho eyes of the leader, on which Mr. R. H. Row, the new secretary, is to be li-iglily -cong!tttiilat-ed. Comnwnoing with wheat, we kam that in the years 1880-2 the price was 453 a quarter, failing to 29s. in 1904- 6; barley foil from 32s. to 23s. 6d., and oats from 22s. 6d. to 17s. Bo?f, which stood at 7Jd. a lb. wholesale in the 4 metropolitan market in 18802, is quoted at 5d. in 1904-6. Wool, ae- cording to tho diagram, shows the most extra ordinary fluctuation. After falling from 12d. I per lb. in 1830-2 to 7d. in 1901.3; it rose in 1904- 6d- to 11 id. In other words, it appoars that wheat was iowor by 36 per cent., barley by 27. oats by 22. boaf by 26. mutton by 16, and wool by 4 per cent, in the later period. These six staple products do not, however, represent the whole output of British agricul- ture. For anything like a complete survey it would bo in cessa ry to take account of the course of prioes for bacon, butter, cheese, milk, poul- try and eggv, as well as of potatoes and other vegetables—nob to mention fruit, hops and minor olassos of products. Unfortunately, com- parable price records, sufficient to afford a satisfactory measure of the change in valtio of these commodities, are not available. The generally aecepied figures compiled by Mr. I Sauerbeck indicate that since 18802 bacon has fallen by 17 per c at butter by 14 per cent., find potatoes by 23 per cent. A record compiled from the accounts of Bethlehem Royal Hospital gives for a long series of years the contract prioes paid for butter and cheese, and from these it appears that the price of butter has fallen by 13 per cent, (which agrees very closely with Mr. Sauerbeck's figure), while that of cheese lias fallen by 18 per cent. Turning from this brief summary of the general trend of prices in recent times to the details for tho year with which this volume is more immediately concerned, the average prices of British corn in 1906, returned at the 190 towns in England and Wales, scheduled under the Corn Returns Act, 1882, were as follows: --Wheat 28s. 3d, barley 24s. 2d., oats 13s. 4d. per quarter. Wheat declined by Is. Sd.. and barley by 2d per quarter, as-compared with 1905, whi!c c"t.s, on the o:h?r hand. advanced Is. per qua?r 'on the year, The substitution I of those values for t.ho? of 1899, in the sep.en- nial average price, r?uited in a slight improve- ment in tire value of tithe rent-charge, which stands in 1907 at £ 68. 19s. 6jd. per £ 100. The price of wheat remained steady at from 28e. to 29s. during the first quarter of the year, and then lose slightly but steadily until the end of May, when it remained at a little I above 30s. until harvest. A fall of about 4s. then occur led, and the market remained at a level of about 26s. for the remainder of the year. The average price of barley varied but little throughout the yoar, except for a fall during June and July, when the trade was merely nominal. The movements in the price Ðf oats were Foutcwhat similar to thos-e of wheat, a fall of 4s. per quarter occurring be- tween July and September. During the last quarter of the year an improvement to the ex- tent of Is per quarter was recorded. In connection with the price of wheat, the average price of b.-cad is of interest. It ap- peals that in England and Wales the 41b. loaf fell in 1906. as coin pa; d with 1905, by about one-tenth of a penny, or 2 per cent. The fall in the prim, of British wheat amounted to ne-arly 5 per c-k,nt while the value of foreign wheat appears to have fallen by about 2.7 per cent. The price of fat cattle in 1906 was, on the average, almost precisely the same as in 1905. The figures, indeed work out with remarkable similarity. The returns under the Weighing of Cattle Act, wfticti represent the actual pries per live cwt. of some 140,000 beasts, give exactly the same average (32s. lid.) for Great Britain in the two Y2al"S. The price of store cattle fluctuated during the year, and the values returned for different breeds do not all shew quite the same tendency, but on the whole it would appear that graziers had to pay slightly less in 1906 than in 1905 for their stoies. Sheep, both fat and store, were appreciably dearer in 1906 than in 1905, the price of stores being markedly higher, especially for the Scotch breeds. During the latter half of the year the pbore markets fell -somewhat heavily, but dur- ing the spring p- ices kept at a high level Store pigs lOW in prioo during the early part of tho year, but the price of fat pigs foil after the first quarter. The yearly average was, how- ever, higher than in 1905, and still higher than in 1904. Bacoil pigs (first quality) in England rose from 5s. 7d per stone in 1904 to 6s. 5d. in 1905 and &,i. lid. in 1906. while in SootJand the ris9 was from 5s. 9d. in 1904 to 6s. 5d. in 1905 and 6s. 8d. in 1906. British beef was returned from. the meat mar- koets fractionally lower in prioo m 1906 than in 1905, and poit-killed beef shewed a correspond- ing redaction, amounting in each ease to 6d. per cwt. It may be noted that in each of the three years for which the Board's market le- ports am available, the average pric-, of British, beef has maintained a general superiority of 38. 6d. per cwt over imported beef killed at the ports. Iritero was an appreciable rise in the price of British veal, and a still greater rise in foreign veal. All classes of mutton made more money in 1906 than in 1905, with the exception of New Zealand, which fel! 2s. 6d. per cwt. Scotch and Engiigh mutton rose 2s. 6d. to 4s. per owt. on the year. Lamb exhibited a simi- lar feature, the pries for home-growll being from 3s. 6d. to 5s. 6d. per cwt. higher, while for New Zealand and Austral ian it fell by 3s. or 3s. 6d. per cwt. The average price of first quality British but- ter in 1906. as returned from the local markets, was equivalent to 133s. per owt., whereas the average for Danish butter wa.s 118s. 6d., for Iriah creamery butter Ills. 6d.. and for Canadian butter 110s. 6d. It is probable that the difference' in favour of the home-made article is loss marked when each class of but- ter reaches the ultimate consumer, but there is at any rate evidence that th.3 British butter- maker obtained a considerably better price— for first qtraJity-thull his rivals in the market. It is significant, however, that the difference between first and second quality in the case of British butter is much wider than in the case of other kinds. Thus the difference in British butter was about 10,. per ew-t., while in Danish it was only 2s. 6d. per cwt. The rise in the price of cheese in 1906 was even more marked than in that of butter. The Prices per cwt. for the two ohief British kinds and for their principal rival appear as follow for the past three years: — 1904: Cheddar, first quality 67s.. second quality 61s. Cheshire 63s. and 56s. 6d.; Canadian 47s. 6d and 45s. 1905: Oh-pddai- 68s. 6d. and 60s. 6d.; Cheshire 65s. 6d. and 58s. Canadian 55s. 6d. and 54s. 1906: Cheddar 73s. and 67s. 6d. Cliesliire 71s. 6d. and 65s. 6d.; Canadian 63s. and 61s. The prices for Cheshire cheese are quoted per 1201b. The increase in value in 1906 amounted to over 6 per cent, for filat quality Cheddar, ind to nearly twice that amount for the other ?Dds. In th& weekly market returns prices for pota- ?ea are given in considerable detail, but, for t purposes of annual averages, two of the ?hief kinds, Main Crop and Up.for I lrllilcb returns are most numerous-are selected 60 typical. These shewed a marked) rise ia 1906 as compared with 1905, but tho level of prices was still considerably below that of 1904. Under the head of imports it is noted that it is probable—although no figures are available in pioof of the faet-that the manufacture of cheese is declining in this country, owing to the expansion of the milk-selling trade. It is the more remarkable, therefore, that for the past ten years tho imports of cheese have shewn little tendency to increase. The total im- ported in 1906 was certainly larger than in either of the two years immediately preceding, but it was Jess than in 3903 or in 1900 The sources of supply are somewhat limited. Canada sends 73 per cent. United Slates and Holland about. 9 per cent, each, New Zealand about, 5 per cent., tho small ren:a:nder being practically divided between Belgium and France. Tlie importation of condensed ruilk amounted to 908 OOOcwt. in 1906, being a little more than in 1904 or 1905, but less than in any of the years 1900 to 1903. The imports of fresh milk rose from 238owt. in 1905 to 974owt in 1906, practically a.11 in each year coming from Fiance. As tlie imports in 1905 represent a. little over 10,000 gallons out of a total consumption which probably excoeds 600 million gallons, their effect- on the market can lie scarcely appreci- able. Over 24 thousand milium eggs were impor- ted in 1906, being rather more than in 1905, but fewer than in any of the years 1902-3-4. Russia sends more than one-third of the total, Denmai k, Germany, Belgium and Fiance ap- pearing as the other chief contributors. The supplies actually coming from Germany were, however, in IS-OS. less than half the quantity civditoxl in the returns, while only six per cent. of the supplies credited to Belgium were pro- perly attributable to it. Nearly 190 millions from Italy, and over 200 millions from Austria- Hungary were sent through Belgium, Germany or Fiance in 1905, and it may be assumed that, in 1906 tire course of trade was very similar. The appearance of Australia among our souiees of supply for eggs is noteworthy, Victoria send- ing 220,000 and South Australia. 728000 last year. Canada, which has entered this fi-ade in recent years, does not s»m to be maintaining her footing, tho number sent in 1906 being fewer than half that, received in 1902 or 1903. Under the! hkxid of agricultuitti imports, which conclud e the returns, it is stated tha.t the products of British agriculture in respect of which there oan bo ?aidto be any important export. trade are naturally few. Grain. flour and meal of various kinds to tho value of £ 2.500,000, s kins to the value of nearly £ 2.000,000, and wool to the value of rather more than £ 1.500,000 make up the chief part of the list. A sum of over £1,700,000 was realised in 1906 by the saJc of live stock to foieign and colonial buyers. No doubt the nu Lt, of faimeis actually engaged in this trade is oom- paratively small, but the demand which it repres<Tits has a far-reaching effect on the home markd'>. The principal buyer of all classes of stock was Argentina.

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