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THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE CRIMEA.…

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THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE CRIMEA. I From the second report from Sir John M'Neill and Colonel Tulloch upon the state of the army last year in the Crimea If the public expect that in the reports of the Commission- ers on the Army before Sebastopol they will find sufficient to make the perusal of the evidence unnecessary they will be deceived. We cannot say that these reports are unfair or even inadequate; they are simply cautious. They form an epitome of the evidence, and draw no conclusions. The results of the inquiry are plainly stated-the follies and Btftect which led to such disasters are sufficiently exposed -but the Commissioners mercifully avoid the fixing of blame, and leave it to the few who will study the volume to say who is responsible for what is proved to have taken place. In the first report certainly the Commissary-General is covertly alluded to; but in the second, where the duties of other and more highly placed men are in question, there is caution worthy of an old diplomatist. Sir John M'Neill is, indeed, too practical to attribute all that he saw and heard of to any abstraction ot "system" and usage, or to lay the blame of an army's destruction on the economical habits of people which had voted readily, and even with eagerness, everything necessary for the war. He merely directs atten- tion by his report to the evidence which he appends to it and we therefore must examine them together, if willing to form a just judgment. It will be seen that the second report relates more especi- ally to what is called the Quartermaster-General's Depart- ment. We may therefore at the outset inquire what is the Quartermaster-General, and what are his duties ? Sir J. M'Neill put this question to General Airy, whe held the post, and received the following answer, which is significant as a sign of the spirit in which our leaders in the East re- garded their duties. At the very outset at his examination General Airey hastens to state that, "beyond regulating the issue of camD eauiDasre. the Quartermaster-General has nothing to do with the question regarding the supplies of the army and its transport." A sound principle of non- interference in embarassing responsibilities was the basis of the Quartermaster-General's military character, and will be found to influence his every action. As far as we can judge he was ably seconded in his policy of self-limitation by I Colonel the Hon. Alexander Gordon, Assistant-Quarter- master-General. A few paragraphs from the evidence of those officers will form a necessary introduction to any clear comprehension of the results stated in the report. Colonel Gordon, even as late as May 28th, is hardly convinced that there had been any suffering in the army. We are told plainly in the report that a chief cause of the disease was from the men lying down in wet blankets during the rainy season, and sleeping without sufficient covering in the bitter cold which succeeded; yet many months afterwards Colonel Gordon is not aware that the question was ever raised as to the tendency of issuing a third blanket." He does not believe that the men were cold at all; after recapitulating certain regulation articles, and others which were added at a late period, he does not think that that they were so badly off when packed 15 in a tent." He is somewhat piqued at the voluminous appendices which Colonel Tulloch was prepa- ring, and thus gives his opinion:—" It is very easy six months after an event to prepare a perfect leisure a lot of atatistical returns, and to put questions upon them which cannot be easily answered." He and his superiors did all they could, or at least all that they dared do, having the fear of a great danger before their eyes. It appears that a lawsuit or dispute was pending between the Government and Sir Harry Smith, relative to the issue of camp stores during the Caffre war." The commission, therefore, need not be surprised if we are anxious to avoid a similar liabi- lity." Such is the spirit, such are the motives, of a man on whom the existence of a British army and the credit of the British name depended. Really a blue-book may con- tain revelations more interesting than those of any corres- pondent. As for General. Airey, it is sufficient to say that he did little, because he conceived he had little to do. One thing is clear from his examination and that of his sub- ordinate-that neither the Commander-in-Chief nor the Quartermaster-General would go beyond the strict line marked out by the routine of peace, or of a campaign in the most different conditions. Whatever the Commissariat had been accustomed to do in Ireland or Jamaica, in campaigns against Caffres or Canadian insurgents, it must do on a desolate plateau, in the depth of a bitter winter, and in the presence of an obstinate and watchful enemy. Poor Mr. Fildar lived in a hailstorm of requisitions. Horses, mules, arabat, rice, fuel, coffee-grinders, sailing transports were all demanded of the Commissary-General. General Airy con- fesses to camp equipments" as coming within the sphere of his department, but as for the transport of the equipments to the eamp, this is a Commissariat service, and it is impossible for me to give the reasons" for any deficiency. Another question is answered by "This is again a Commis- sariat duty," and the Quartermaster cannot interfere. We made a requisition on the Commissary-General;" Lord Raglan endeavoured to impress on the Commissary-General;" I think the matter was referred to the Commissary-General,' are replies scattered thickly over the pages of the volume. It has been attempted to show that this unhappy department was conducted on principles of pedantic routine; but we think that no one who reads with common attention the book before us will deny that for shrinking from respon- sibility and from all work that could be -avoided the two officers whose replies we have quoted must stand pre- eminent. But at least the Quartermaster-General has some duties. He tells us that he regulates and controls the issue of camp equipage, tents, intrenching tools, blankets," &c. Let us, ten, see how the men were sheltered and warmed. It is but justice to the Government at home to say that they showed foresight and activity in the despatch of many necessaries. This list of things sent out up to the beginning of December is given in the report. A great quantity was lost in the Prince, but the deficiency caused by this casualty was not sufficient to cause any long and serious suffering, as Constantinople-onc of the largest cities in the world-was near at hand, and with slight exertion much clothing was actually obtained there. How, then, were the men suppli- ed ? Sir J. M'Neill tells us that no circumstance was more dilated upon by medical officers than the condition of the men, lying on the muddy floors of their tents, with nothing under them but a blanket or greatcoat, often quite wet." Under the heading of Rugs" we next learn that the articles which bear that name and have no generic difference from blankets continued to arrive till in the month of January they amounted to 25,000. Yet, though all England was in a ferment at the news from the Crimea, though every medical officer was sending in applications for something to cover the soldier or protect him from the mud in which he lay, such was the apathy of the Quartermaster-General's Department that only 800 rugs were issued, these probably having been got out of store by some persons who had dis- covered their existence. The Commissioners say that the quartermasters of regiments had no notice from the head of the department that such articles were to be had, and if even they possessed such knowledge the issue should not depend on the application of these subordinates. We learn at last that the rugs were perhaps withheld because the regulations only specify blankets." We, however, next come to blankets. On the 24th and 27th of December, at the commencement of the cold weather, two vessels alone brought 2.5,000, number suffi- ciept to give a third blanket to every man-" Will it be believed that these were never issued ? The Commissioners, in their quiet rebuke of Colonel Gordon's flippant evidence, observe that" he assigns as a reason for "the non-issue of many of these supplies that he conceives that the men had enough," and then proceeds to explain that this abundance was only towards the close of the winter, after nearly a third of the army had perished. They leave, and evidently intend to leave, no doubt on the minds of their readers how severe is their reprobation of General Airey's conduct and that of his subordinate. We have space but for one more ex- tract, á1d it might provoke a smile if men could bring them- I selves to jest in the presence of such horrors. Great-coats were sent ont in vast numbers, but were not issued by the department, because it was not usual to have such a dis- tribution oftener than once in three years!" We cannot wonder at the ignorance that prevailed in some quarters at home, when we find what persons are likely to have been the informants. Colonel Gordon was son of the Premier. What intelligence was the Premier likely to receive from one who thought that soldiers must be com- fortable because they were 15 in a tent ? Colonel Gordon had a place at Court what kind of truth was the Queen likely to hear from such a source respecting the state of her army ? Yet both he and his superior are loaded with honors and appointed to the very places at home in which on active service they proved incapable, or worse. It is some conso- lation, however, in the midst of selfishness and nepotism, to think that truth must in the end be heard, and that national feeling cannot be disregarded. Is it even now too late to ask for justice on those whose delinquencies have been threefold more fatal than the sword of the enemy? If our cavalry has achieved no great successes in the Crimea, its leaders have not been without a certain noto- riety. In the celebrated affair of Balaklava they co-operated with the Quartermaster-General to produce the result which has been so much discussed. General Airey wrote an am- biguous order, Lord Lucan misinterpreted it, and Lord Cardigan executed it. One or even two may have been blameless, but the Horse Guards have rewarded all three. As the winter approached the two Peers were found in still closer connexion with the department. Their great aim was, it would seem, the destruction of the cavalry division. Loria Lucan and Cardigan had long quitted the Crimea when Sir 1. M'Neill began his labours, but the officers who served under them give a fair idea of their genius for command. The episode related by Colonel Griffith, of the Scots Grays, will show with what judgment and temper Lord Lucan treated his subordinates. After stating, like several other colonels, that the Jh>rMp were after the 14th of November perishing from ?Mt?twMtout hay or straw, and with onh fr. two to three pounds of barley daily, he tells how b?k drew the attention of his commanding officer to the incle- mency of the weather, and informed him that he was afraid he should lose a good many horses. But if Lord Lucan could hold out any encouragement to the men that they wen to remain for any length of time in the camp they occupied he could get them to erect some sort of covering. The reply was forcible. His Lordship threatened to place him under arrest for presuming to suggest such a thing. Colonel Griffith tand the world will think with ILim-that, if that suggestion had been acted upon, no doubt he should have saved many of the horses which were lost." Colonel Shewell's story of an application to Lord Cardigan is similar. Colonel Shewell commanded the 8th Hussars, and distin- guished himself greatly on the day of Balaklava. His charge to and from the Russian batteries may not have been as brilliant as his Lordship's, but he kept his men well together, and a return of even a remnant of the Light Brigade is said to be due to his courage and coolness. He may therefore be considered a good authority. He attributes the loss of the horses to inclement weather, and to their having been for at least ten days in November without a blade of hay or straw, and with only three pounds of barley daily." Having been absent sick ten days or a fortnight, he could hardly on his return recognize them, and several dipd while being led to water. There was plenty of forage at Balaklara, but the Commissariat had no means of sending it up. The natural conclusion of Colonel Shewell was that the horses should be sent for the forage but Colonel de Salis who had commanded in the interim, at once informed him that he had made such a representation to Lord Cardigan, "but his proposal was rejected." Colonel Douglas, of the ¡11th Hussars, gives similar testimony. The horses wera exposed to very severe weather, and were standing up to their knees in mud. Thousands of rugs were in store, but not one was issued. Their hunger was such that they had not only ate straps and other articles within reach, but actually gnawed off the hair from each other's manes and tails." Colonel Douglas also made a representation to Lord Cardigan, proposing to send the horses to Balaklava, but, as before, the proposal was rejected." Colonel DoherAv, of the 13th Dragoons, testifies to the state of the horses aixi the existence of forage at Balaklava, and states that he made no application to send for forage, because he had heard from other commanding officers that they had been refused per- mission to do so. The consequences of this judicious management are given in the evidence. In March, the 13th Dragoons had nine horses fit for duty the 4th Light Dra- goons, 16; other regiments were much in the same state. Let it be remembered that a dismounted Dragoon is about as effective as a swan on a turnpike road, and that, even if cavalry were useless, horses were invaluable to carry provi- sions to the front, and our obligations to Lords Lucan and Cardigan will be appreciated. Yet these are two of the men whom Government has since delighted to honour. The l example is a useful one, and we trust it will be duly pon- dered.-Times.

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