The Cambrian News and Merionethshire Standard

Lampeter Town Council, Lampeter Town Council met on Thursday evening, present Councillor D. F. Lloyd presid- ing, in the absence of Councillor J. S. Jones, mayor; Aldermen Evan Evans, Lewis Jones, W. Jones, Councillors D. Jones, T. W. Jones, W. Davies, College-street; and Evan Davies; Mr. J. E. Lloyd, town clerk; Mr. E. D. Rees, assist- ant clerk; and Mr. R. W. Ashman, surveyor and inspector. Alderman Lewis Jones raised an objection to the minutes, affirming that a resolution which had been declared passed by the Mayor had not secured the required majority—two-thirds of those present. He proposed that the minutes be not $itg;:Prl; and Alderman Evani Evans having seconded, the matter was adjourned until the Mayor's return, The Surveyor presented his monthly report, stating that the work of the steam roller had been finished for the present. Tar spraviner was necessary in some streets of the town. The Fire Brigade met for a practice in North.road when nine members were present and Everyone did his work admirably. The sum of C6 13s 6d had been derived from mart tolls during the month, No cases of infectious disease had been reported and though the water in the reservoirs had been a low a few days previously there was now an abundant supply. The Inspector re- ported that the Council's haulier was engaged that week in hauling coal, earning lis. per day, and a farmer's man, horse, and cart were carrying the refuse, etc., at 5s. per day. It was decided that the Council workmen should cease work on Saturdays during the summer months as soon as the work of cleaning the streets had been finished, the Streets Com- mittee to consider the matter further. Mrs. T. Simon Jones, Station-terrace, applied for exemption of rates from March, as she had not resided at the house for the past six months, her husband having joined the army.—The matter was referred to the Finance Committee. The Town Clerk of Aberavon wrote asking support for an appeal to the Food Controller anent the present war flour, as they considered the present flour was detrimental to health. It was agreed to support the appeal on the pro- position of Alderman Lewis Jones, seconded by Councillor T. W. Jones. Councillor William Davies, College-street, read the report of the Public Lights and Streets Committee which recommended that the "dangerous corner" sign now fixed near Roseland be fixed on the gas pillar near Grantham, Bridge-street. A long discussion took place and eventually it was agreed that the matter be con- sidered further by the Committee, as none of the members were in favour of it being placed 'I on a lamp pillar. Alderman Lewis Jones, in his report of the Water and Fire Brigade Committee, highly praised the Fire Brigade whp went hrough their exercises in an exceedingly smart manner. Should a fire break out, he was glad to find that the town possessed so excellent a brigade. Alderman William Jones, in the absence of Councillor D. Thomas read the report of the Markets and Fairs Committee, which recom- mended that planks be fixed along the wall over the pens for the use of the auctioneer.—The recommendation was adopted.' It was decided that 4^d. per week- should be added to the contributions of Thomas Evans, Corporation haulier, to the national insurance in order that he should derive the full benefit of the insurance.

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Y Golofn Gymraeg. CAN CYSUR. ciioa^dd devn-iuu uyd 1:. ù £ waecl am uunn ir llawr; I uuuciwyd liiytei c yd "iitjo ryw ciuioemon mawr"; Trwy I udirfawr lIoen, a i, gaiar blin; 1)<.1. m^uUKl gweii i ueum u; 11. Ein hanwireddau ni, it oes ie I ryfel cas, •Bydon-wyud, uivvy niunL, Lri, .-vngnoiio JJUW ai ras; Una edileirioi donn o draw, .-1 ddweu lod dUb". uiiu č¡,llaw. Aiiiheuaeth ddyry le, i 1 csu Grist, a'l groes, El lawn a'l Abertu E' i'j dd iiiitwriun OLi-uau'r ots; Ac uglwys Uduw yn garLrer ciyd'; Ssercn, ac anwyideb '-rvvyddi 1 gyd. Yn for o sanctaidd gan, Bydd Cymru oil bryd hyn; Y bechgyn hawddgar glan, Yn ol ar Seion lryn; Eu gwiad, eu hiaith, a ,U cenedl mwy, in nl liotrusacii ganddynt, hwy. Ar frys doed hyn i ben, Uweddiwn bawb yn awr, A dail y "bywiol bren," lachaer holl deulu'r llawr; SWIl Jiwbili, o for i for, 0 boed yn fuan Arglwydd lor. Bronwylfa, Aberystwyth. D. Edward Davies. TKEM YN OL. Yn awr, pan mae Brydain Fawr wedi cycli- wyn ar ei piiedwaredd biynedd yn rhyiel lawr y Cyfandir, nid yw ond naturiol I bawb ohonom droi ein trem yn ol dios y gortfennol i weid faint o newid sydd wedi dod dros y sefyllla yng nghwrs y tair biynedd diweddat, a pha mor agos yw ein gobeithion ninnau i gael eu sylweddoli. A'r petii cyntaf sydd yn ein taro ydyw hyn: fod barn a pluoffwydoliaeth dynion yn ansicr iawn ar y goreu. Y mae hyn yn wir am bob cenedl, ac mae'r cenliedloedd sy'n rhy- fela heddyw, bob un ohonynt, erbvn hyn wedi peidio a rhoddi coel o leiaf ar unrhyw ddarogan ynghylch diwedd y rhyfel. Dywedodd Rusicin yn rhywle mai i'r un graddau y byddo cenedl yn barod i benderfynu ei ymrafaelion trwy egwyddorion cyfiawnder, mai i'r graddau hynny y bydd hefyd yn abl i wrthsefyll rhyfel, boed honno oddimewn neu oddiallan i derfynau'r wlad. Eithr ni roe8 yr Almaen i r egwyddorion hynny er mwyn ceisio arbed y galiafan oedd yn rtiwym o ganlyn wedi cynneu ohoni y fflam gyntaf. Gellir dywedyd heb otn amheuaeth nad yw'r un wlad yn cyfranogi mewn rhvfel heb fod ganddi ryw obaith am fuddugoliaeth yn y pen draw, ac mae mor sicr a livnny nad oes yr un genedl yn cynllwyno am "ryfel heb fod yn liollot r, yn ei meddwl ei hun, mai hyhi fydd drechaf ar faes y gad. Oni chlvwsom ddigon, yn ystod wythnosau cvntaf y rhyfel, am arfaeth y Kaiser i gyrraedd hvd at Baris ymhen ychydig wythnosau, ac 1 wledda yn Llundain ar ddygwyl Nadolig 19 4 Ond pan addawodd y Kaiser i w fiUyr> gychwyn ohonynt ar eu t.aiili o aniliaith, y buasent vn ol vn eu carirefi cyn cwympo o r dail ychydig a feddyliai y gwelsid cwympo o r dail' deirgwaith—a i'liari* ymhellach nag yr r oedd y pryd lnnmw. Ac y mae'r pedwerydd Hydref yn cyflym agoshau, a ninnau o hyd heb fawr o obaith am lieddwcli Vniari BARNAUN NEWID. Mae'n amlwg, felly, nad oes neb wedi ei siomi yn fwy na'r Kaiser ym mhroffwjdoli aethau v rhyfel, a gwahanol iawn oedd yr "S,ad roddod/ i-« filwyr, «U dydd.au vn ol i'w eiriau ymfErost am gwyrnp y dail. Nid oes son ganddo, weitliian, am fuddugoli- aeth, eithr am liunan-amddiffyn, ac mae r hen £ *ri am ehangu terfynau'r wlad wedi pernio n flwyr. Yr ydym ninnau, wledydd y Cyngrair, hefyd wedi dysgu cryn lawer yn ystod y cyt- nod o ymdrech ac aberth yr ydym wedi mynd trwyddo, ac yn dal i fynd o hyd. A phe buasem wedi sicrhau concwest buan ni buasai r gwersi hynny, mwy a'r gresyn, wedi eu dysgu. Er fod y nod oedd genpym i ymgyrraedd ato ar y dechreu yn hollol anrhydeddus, y mae llawer o le dros gredu ein bod ninnau ym Mhrydain wedi dechreu ymgolli yn yr ysbryd hwnnw a wnaeth y rhyiel yn bosibl ar y cychwyn. Eithr erbyn hyn yr ydym oil wedi magu mwy o bwyll, ac yu edrych ar y sefyllfa o safbwynt gwalianol iawn. Pan derfyno'r gyflafan hon bydd wedi parhau'n ddigon hir i ddysgu'r holl wiedydd nad oes elw mewn rhy- fela a phan ddelo heddwch gallwn fod yn weddol sicr y bydd yn heddwch parhaol. 0 edrych ohonom yn ol dros y tair biynedd di- weddaf, anodd yw sylweddoli fod tywallt gwaed mor arswydus yn bosibl mewn oes sy'n cael ei chyfrif yn oes oleu, a plian sylweddolom fod v cwbl i'w briodoli i ddosbarth ar y Cyfandir a fu'n deinyddio eu hoes i hyrwyddo'r grefft filwrol, nid rhwydd iawn yw credu iddynt gael eu goddef cyhyd, a clian werin eu cenedl eu hun yn anad neb. Ond mae hyd yn oed yr Almaen ei hun wedi agor ei llygaid erbyn hyn, ac unwaith y gwelont y sefyllfa yn ei lliw priodol ni bydd le wedyn i'r bobl hynny sy dda ganddynt ryfel. Nid peth amhosibl, pan ddelo gweriniaeth i'w safle briodol, fydd pen- derfynu ein man-ddadleuon heb loywi arfau at y gwaitli. YN TARO ETO. Ar ol llawer wythnos o baratoi prysur mae'r fj-ddin Brydeinig wedi dechreu ymosod eto, ac mae'r newyddion a ddaw o Belgium a Ffrainc yn galonogol iawn. Ond y gwaethaf yw bod y tywydd wedi bod mor anffafriol i fanteisio ar yr ymosodiad mor helaeth ag y gallesid ei wneuthur. Y diwrnod ar pi i'r vmgyrch fawr ddechreu, daeth yn lawogydd trymiOQ PBi ddeu- -i udydd neu dri a rliwystrwyd y gweithrediadau yn fawr iawn. Llwyddwyd, er hynny, i sicrhau yr hyn oedd mewn golwg gan yr arweinwyr. Torrwyd trwy linellau'r gelyn mewn amryw fannau ar hyd yr holl ffordd, a gwthiwyd ym- laen mewn rhai lleoedd bellter o tua dwy filltir. Mae safle'r brwydro yn awr yn cynnwys amryw o ganolfannau pwysig a nifer fawr o ffyrdd haearn yn rhedeg tuag yno, ac felly nid yw'n syndod fod byddin yr Almaen yn ymladd mor ffyrnig rhag colli ohoni ddim o'r tir. Y dvb gyffredin yw nad yw'r ergyd a darawyd yr wythnos ddiweddaf ond dechreu ymosodiad a gymer rai wythnosau i'w gwblhau, a chan fod cynllun y brwydro yn awr wedi ei newid yn fawr at yr hyn yr oedd flwyddyn neu ragor yn ol, nid gwiw i ni ddisgwyl digwyddiadau cyffrous iawn. Mae'r anawsterau yn anhygoel vmron, yn ol yr adroddiadau a gyhoeddir, a dywedir fod y frwydr ddiweddaf hon gyda'r ffyrnicaf a fu o'r dechreu. Mae pethau yn gwella yn Rwsia hefyd, ac er fod ei byddin wedi "fciiio yn ol ymhell yn ddiweddar, ceir arwyddion ei bod yn ymgryfhau eto. Eithr nid yn fuan iawn y daw trefn o'r anhrefn an- ffodus, ac ofer yw inni ddisgwyl llawer oddiyno am betli amser. BYD Y GWETTHIWR, Nid ydym heb arwyddion fod cryn iawer o anesmwythter er vs tro yn y cylchoedd diwyd- iannol, ac nid heb achos y penododd y Llywodraeth bwyllgor i chwilio i fewn i'r drwg. Yn yr adroddiad sy newydd ei gyhoeddi ceir fod yr holl anesmwythter wedi ei achosi gan y prisiau uchel am y bwydydd, a chan y dybi- aeth fod rhywrai yn elwa yn fras ac yn annheg ar gefn y gweithwyr. Yn ychwanegol at hyn caed tystiolaeth fod llawer iawn o gwyno oblegyd dwvn oddiar y gweithwyr yr hawliau hvnny oedd ganddynt cyn torri allan o'r rhy- fel, ac oblegyd gormod ymyrraeth gan y dos- barthiadau uchaf yn nhrefniadau arferol y dosbarthiadau gweithiol. Wrth gwrs mae'n amlwg nad ellir wrth yr un amodau yn amser rhyfel ag mewn heddwch, ond mae'n bosibl i'r awdurdodau fynd yn rhy bell hyd yn oed yn y cyfeiriad hwn, ac mae'r gweithiwr erioed yn eddigeddus o'r breintiau y bu raid ymladd mor galed er eu cael. Mae'r cynllun newydd o reoli'r Byrddau Meddygol ar gyfer y fyddin wedi rhoddi llawer o foddhad ymhlith y dos- barth gweithiol, ac mae addewidion Arglwydd Rhondda i ostwng prisiau angenrlieidiau bywyd wedi gwneuthur Ilawer iawn dros dawelu'r an- foddlonrwydd. Gan nad beth a gyflawnir gan ein milwyr dewr ar faes y frwydr, ofer i gyd eu hymdrechion hwy heb gydweithrediad y gweithwyr gartre, ac nid yn ofer y penododd y Llywodraeth ddirprwyaeth i wneud ym- clnviliad i'r sefyllfa bresennol. Dyna un peth mawr arall a ddysgwyd yn ystod y rhyfel bresennol: fod y gweithiwr yn y gweithty gar- tre yn llawn mor anhebgorol a'r milwr ar faes y gad. Ac wedi gorffen o'r holdrin bresennol bydd brwydr fawr y cenhedloedd yn y cylch- oedd diwydiannol yn fwy caled nag y bu erioed o'r blaen. DECHREU'R CYNHAEAF. Daw'r son o ami i ardal, ac o Loegr yn

Lord Rhondda's Plans. SUGAR CARDS TO BE ISSUED IN OCTOBER. THE COMMITTEES AND THEIR WORK. In the form of a letter to Mr. W. Hayes Fisher, president of the Local Government Board, and Mr. R. Munro, secretary for Scot- land, Lord Rhondda on Saturday issued an im- portant statement regarding his scheme of local food committees. He outlines the constitution and working of the committees, gives a general indication of the task before them, and describes in detail the proposals for the distribution of sugar, which it will be their first duty to put into operation. The following are the most interesting points in the statement:— The experiment of central food kitchens is approved, and its extension urged. Sugar cards are to be issued to all house- holds in October. After sugar, the distribution of bread and meat is to be taken in hand. Lord Rhondda's letter states:—"It is plain, at the beginning of the fourth year of war, how vital a part the problem of food supplies is destined to play in the achievement of victory. It will be my endeavour as Food Controller to keep three main principles of policy before me- Supplies must be conserved. Supplies must be shared equally by rich and poor. Prices must be kept down." This policy can only be carried out if it is adopted, not only by the Ministry of Food, but also bv the nation." SUGAR FIRST—THEN MEAT AND BREAD. I am inviting local authorities, through the Food Control Committees which they will be asked to appoint, to carry on the campaign for the economical use of our national supplies hitherto conducted by the War Savings Com- mittees. It is or the first importance that the also bv the nation." SUGAR FIRST—THEN MEAT AND BREAD. I am inviting local authorities, through the Food Control Committees which they will be asked to appoint, to carry on the campaign for the economical use of our national supplies hitherto conducted by the War Savings Com- mittees. It is or the first importance that the public should understand clearly the need for personal economy. Recent experience suggests that most valuable savings, both of foodstuffs and fuel, may be secured by the establishment of central kitchens, and T look to the new com- mittees to further this experiment. "I propose to put into force as soon as possible a scheme for the better distribution of sugar. I am also preparing schemes for dealing with bread and meat, and immediately the details are finally settled Food Control Committees will be asked to undertake responsible duties in connec- tion with their administration." THE FIXING OF PRICES. "I intend at an early date to ask the new committees to undertake special responsibilities in regard to the fixing of prices. I shall endeavour to lay down for all important food- stuffs a general scale of prices based at each stage of the necessary expenses and reasonable profits of the wholesaler or retailer. But it will rest with the Food Control Committees to enforce the application of this scale and to recommend variations where the cost of trans- port or other exceptional factors in the circum- stances of a particular district or trader can be proved to justify this course. As part of their duties in this respect the committees will be asked to issue certificates of registration to re- tailers, and these will be made conditional on the observance by their holders of the scale of prices laid down for them." Other documents which have been forwarded to the local authorities give details. The Food Control Committees will consist of not more than twelve members each, including at least one woman and one labour representative. "It will be their first duty to safeguard the inter- ests of consumers." Immediately they are constituted they will proceed to register grocers and other retailers of sugar, and after October 1st no retailer who remains unregistered will be allowed to deal in sugar. THE SUGAR CARDS. The public will not be called upon to tak? any steps until towards the end of September when forms of application for sugar cards will be distributed by the postal authorities These forms must be filled up by the householders, and show the names, age, sex, and occupation of all members of their households, and must be posted back to the Food Office not later than October 5th. In due course the house- holder will receive from the Food Office a house- hold sugar card in response to his application. This card must be taken by the householder to the tradesman from whom he desires to buy his sugar. The tradesman will retain one part; the other he will stamp with his name, or sign, and this must be kept bv the customer, who must be prepared at a' later date to produce it on demand • 1"n rn- kino- purchases. The grocer's own GppJies will be authorised by the Local Food Control Office on tie basis of the number of customers who have thus been registered by him. THE PENALTIES OF FRAUD. It will be the retailer's duty, when the allow- ance is finally made regular, to see that no customer is supplied twice in one week. The penalties of fraud are a heavy fine and im- prisonment with hard labour. On the other hand, a retailer unreasonably refusing to supply sugar to a registered customer may be deprived of his certificate of regitra tion and consequent supplies. The weekly allowance may vary as the national stocks vary. A customer will not h° twf ,1 1° take }-• but if a week ™^sed IL w n° C-Iaim f0r a double allowance in the week following.

SAVED LADY MACKW0RTH- DEATH OF GALLANT "LUSTTANTA" DEATH OF GALLANT "LUSTTANTA" I STEWARD, Thomas Grainger Godley, who was a steward on the "Lusitania," has died at Seaforth, Liverpool, after a long illness, directly trace- able to the effects of his immersion when the "Lusitania" was sunk. Godley, on that occasion, showed great courage, and was instrumental in saving several passengers. One of these was Lord Rhondda's daughter. Lady Mackworth, and his Lordship gave Godley a handsome money pre- sent and a gold ring inscribed "Remember the Lusitania."

(Continued from previous column.) arbennig, fod llawer o wenith eisoes wedi ei dorri. Yn wir gwelwyd gwenith yn ei ysgubau bythefnos a rhagor yn ol yng Ngwlad yr Haf, a dywcdir fod hyn yn gynt nag y mae son am dano ers blynyddau lawer oddigerth yn y flwyddyn 1822, pryd y torrwyd gwenith yn swydd Surrey ar yr unfed ar bymtheg o Orffennaf. Camgymeriad mawr yw gadael i wenith felynu ac addfedu gormod cyn ei dorri, a cheir y blawd gwynnaf o lawer pan dorrir y gwenith heb golli ohono ei wawr las. Y duedd gan amaethwyr Cymru yw gadael i'r grawn aeddfedu gormod, a dyna'r rheswm yr oedd mor anodd i wneud bara o'r blawd ar ol y cynhaeaf gwlyb ychydig flynyddoedd yn ol, sef fod y grawn, oedd wedi ei adael i aedd- fedu yn ormodol, wedi dechreu egino yn ei ysgub oherwydd y glawogydd trymion. Nid yw'r perygl, wrth gwrs, yn ogymaint pan geir tywydd ffafriol yn ystod y cynhaeaf, ond mae'r grawn gwenith, serch hynny, yn gwneud blawd llawer gwell a llawer gwynnach o'i dorri pan fo'i wawr megis Iliw colomen, neu ysguthan, ac yna ei adael i felynu yn ei ysgub. BRI'R DATEN. Ni bu'r daten odid erioed yn fwy ei bri nag y bu'n ddiweddar, pan oedd ei phris yn uchel a hithau'n anodd ei chael er talu'n ddrud am dani. Ond erbyn heddyw mae pet-hau yn fwy siriol eu gwedd a llawnder o datws, yn ol pob argoel, am bris rhesvmol. Ac nid yw hynny'n syn yn y byd pan fo amaethwyr ein gwlad yn ddieithriad wedi cynliyddu eu cropiau, a phobl y trefi hwythau bob un a'u dernyn tir wedi ei drin a'i osod yn ofalus. A rhyfedd mor hawdd, gydag ychydig bach o sel at y gwaith, yw troi ami i lain o ddiffeitlidir o amgylch ein trefi a phentrefi yn nifer o erddi rlestlus a ffrwythlon eu gwedd. Fel rheol ceir o bump neu chwe thunndl o datws o bob erw o dir, ond clvwsom adrodd, yn ddiweddar, am amaethwyr yn codi tua, theirgwaith cym- aint a hynny ymhob erw. A dyma'r ffordd, obe nhw: rhoddi tatws cvfain, ac nid eu torri fel y mae'r arfer yn gyffredin, yn had, a'u rhoi ar waelod y rhych a'r dom drostynt ac nid tanynt. Ar ol cuddio a phridd, cynllun yr amaethwyr llygatgraff hyn oedd gyrru'r rowler dros y rhychiau er mwyn closio'r pridd at. ei gflvdd, ac yna gollwng popeth i Ragluniaeth a deddfau Natur. Mynnai un amaethwr y medrai godi, felly, hyn yn oed ddeg tunnell ar hugain o datws ymhob erw o gael ohono dir cymwys ac ychydig bach o ffafr gan Ragluni- aeth.

Crisis In Welsh Education. IV.—EDUCATIONAL ISSUES. BROADENING THE OUTLOOK. CORRELATION* BUILDINGS, TEACHERS, CURRICULUM, CuST. At the time when the war has tended to lower alike the efficiency of the schools and the educational standard fixed by some short- sighted, administrative bodies, the kingdom is exceptionally fortunate in having as its Minister of Education one capable ot taking a broader and more comprehensive outlook alike of the educational needs and the educational possibilities of the whole nation after the war. The war has called a large percentage of teachers from our schools, depleted the roll oi students in our colleges, utilized child labour to a greater extent than was done before within living memory, added so enormously to public burdens, that it required both a clear vision and a courageous spirit to propose large and comprehensive reforms in the nation's edu- cational system involving of necessity a largely increased public expenditure. But that is precisely what Mr. Fisher has done, and t; is the policy which, in her own interests, Wales must adopt if she is in the future to maintain, not to say improve, her position in the con- fraternity of nations. "A' state of society which regards the children of the people principally as industrial units, as pieces in a great mechanism of toil, is not soundly constituted. You may say that a minister of education has nothing whatever to do with the housing problem; but all questions are connected with education, and the formation of the moral and physical life of the people are laid in the home. It is worth our while and worth our money to improve our schools, and in particular our secondary schools and our junior technical schools, to fortify our teaching staffs, and to widen the access to our universities." These are sentences taken almost at random from some of Mr. Fisher's most recent pro- nouncements. Nowhere do they need to be taken more seriously to heart than in Wales which, for the past half century, has prided herself upon making greater efforts and sacri- ficeg for education than has any sister nation- ality -in the Kingdom. Mr. Fisher wants to establish for England nursing schools for infants; to keep the children bound to the schools until at least the age of 14; to provide facilities for continuation studies; to multiply the higher standard and technical schools; to enable all qualified to benefit by secondary. education to remain at school until at least i years of age; to develop manual training and instruction in domestic subjects; to pay greater attention to physical education; to extend the scope of the school medical sertrice and make the care of the physical health of every chilii from his first entry into the nursing school until he leaves the secondary or technical school at the age of 18 as much the charge of tlie educational authority as it is to provide school buildings and apparatus. He has no hesitation in declaring it to be "worth our while and worth our money" to do all that; and he is going to see that this is done. WILL WALES RISE TO HER OPPORTUNITY? One of the questions which the approaching Welsh national convention must face is whether Wales will now realise her duty and appreciate her opportunity. Much as we are wont to pride ourselves on our zeal and sacri- fices for education, much yet remains to be done. While we have as compared with Scot- land a relatively larger number of pupils in our secondary (intermediate) schools, we are far behind Scotland in our attendance at higher grade schools. Our pupils in these schools number 2,500 only. If, relatively to our population, we sent as many pupils to these schools as Scotlandf doos, the school roll would be not a paltry 2,500 but a strik- ing total of 36,000. When we compare ourselves with Switzerland; we show very badly even in our intermediate schools and still worse in our universities. Wales has a population of roughly 21 million, and Switzerland something under 4 million. Yet Switzerland has 77,000 pupils in her sec- ondary schools as compared with our 17,000. She has over 8,000 students in her universities as compared with our 1,200. If Wales gave her children the same educational advantages as the youth of Switzerland enjoy we should have in our secondary schools not. 17,000 but 48,000 pupils; and in our university colleges not 1,200 but 5,000 students. Which of the two peoples, the Swiss or the Welsh, will stand the best chance in the keen competition of nations after the war? Take again the question of technical educa- tion, the supreme importance of which tin war has done so much to emphasise. Even England stands far ahead of Wales. In popu- lation Wales stands to England as 1 to 14. I Enaland should therefore have 14 ii.iies as i may technical schools and fourteen times as much Government grants in aid of these schools as Wales. But, as a matter of fact, England gets 25 times as much Government grants. She has 26 times as many technical institu- tions 42 times as many schools of art; and 154 time& as many day technical schools. What chance will the Welsh youth stand as com- pared with the English youth, say five or ten years hence, if Wales does not avail herself of the present opportunity to improve and ex- tend her educational facilities? South Wales has done something in this direction. Facilities for higher technical edu- cation are provided at Cardiff, Llanelly, Merthyr, Newport, and Swansea, and a branch school of mines has been opened at Crumlin. In North Wales, Denbighshire has taken an important step towards supplying the need of technical education and the scheme is to come into operation after the termination of the war. The tendency to locate all vocational train- ing centres in university college towns, how- ever unavoidable in the past, is not calculated to bring the benefits of such institutions within reach of the nation at large. The insti- tution of farm schools at Madryn in Carnar- vonshire and at Usk in Monmouthshire, are departures much to be commended. But why should there not be, tor instance, a school ot mines at Wrexham and another of a different character at Festiniog to meet, the needs of the colliers and the quarrymen of North Wales? And why should Wales be content to see agriculture so much more highly favoured in Scotland and Ireland than in the Principality? In addition to what is done at the four uni- versities, Scotland has three agricultural col- leges, two veterinary colleges, a formidable array of county organisers and itinerant lec- turers. Ireland has a faculty of agriculture at the Royal College of Science, a Royal Veter- inary College, two other agricultural colleges, two agricultural schools, one agricultural insti- tute, one dairy school, nine girls' schools of rural domestic economy, forty-five itinerant instructors in agriculture, delivering 900 lec- tures per annum. THE FIRST ESSENTIAL. The first thing necessary in order to attain effective reform is to establish cohesion and correlation in a truly national system of edu- cation. Isolated and spasmodic effort may only make the present confusion worse confounded. Reference has already been made to the con- templated action of Denbighshire in t1). I matter of improving the facilities for technical education. But why should the initiative be left to any single county? Why should tl;, attempt at improvement continue to be hap- hazard, depending on the zeal, or possibly the pride, or even the pique, of its local promo- ters? Is it not immeasurably better and cal- culated to be far more effective, and at the same time more economical, to make provi- sion for the Principality as a whole, rather than leave it to each individual authority to provide, or to abstain from providing, facili- ties which the matured judgment of experienced educationists no less than the necessities cr the age so undoubtedly demand? Why should we perpetuate border distinc- tions as between county and county as far as facilities which are a matter of national interest are concerned? We have already ex- perienced and suffered from the ill-effects r4 lack of cohesion and co-ordination. There has been unnecessary and costly rivalry between the higher elementary school and the second- ary school whose functions were never in- tended to be identical. Similarly there has been want of co-ordination between the sec- ondary schools and the technical schools or schools of art. We find the same evil existing between the schools and the colleges, each in

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certain instances performing the work of the other. This lack of co-ordination, this want of one central supervising authority to direct local effort must mean waste—waste of energy, waste of money—neither of which can Wales afford. As long ago at least as the Balfour Act of 1902 the Government contemplated community of educational administration as between county and county in England and Wales. Denbighshire, in the new departure referred j to, seeks the co-operation of Flintshire. The present Minister of Education favours the principle which was to be included in the Edu- cation Bill of three years ago which the out- break of war alone prevented maturing. Under any such scheme England will be divided into provinces, all the counties within any province combining to establish one cen- tral supervisory and advisory authority. This is surely Wales's great opportunity. No aggregation of counties in England can pre- sent such favourable conditions as arc found in the Principality for such combination of effort and administration. The boundary lines for a Welsh combination are already fixed by national associations, tradition, and history. The aims and aspirations which would form a distinctive feature of any such combination are in Wales embedded in the national conscious- ness. All that is lacking is the adaptation of our administrative system to the national demand; and this conception of our national duty lies at the root of the present demand for the creation of a Welsh National Council of Education with its immense educational potentialities. THE QUESTION OF TEACHERS. There is now, and has for some time been, a very marked shortage of teachers, quite apan from the war drain on the staff. The recently- issued report, of the Board of Education records the conviction that a continuance of the exist- ing shortage will not only preclude develop- ments, but gravely imperil the maintenance of [ the level of efficiency in elementary education which was reached before the war. In this respect Wales stands somewhat better than England, the number of entrants to the pro- fession in 1916 being in Wales 20 per 10,000 children in average attendance as against 12 per 10,000 in England. Mr. Fisher, with that keen foresight and comprehensive grasp of the situation, has given weighty warning to Local Education Authori- ties. He says:—"See that you secure good teachers. Be generous to them. You cannot expect good work on a sweated wage. And when you have secured good teachers hold them in consideration and provide opportuni- ties for further improvement. If a teacher proves to be incurably inefficient, you must not scruple to dismiss, in justice to the children, to the public, and to the fair name of the teaching profession itself. Nobody can teaelt well unless lie is moderately happy, and it is one of the secrets of a contented life not to worry about money. Teaching is not so much a trade as it is a high form of social service." Having this in mind he has made the pay- ment of better salaries to the teachers a con- dition of the substantial increase in Govern- ment grants now contemplated. At the same time, mere money additions will not. alonef attract the best recruits to the teaching pro- fession. In this, as in other matters, Wales, if she is to hold her own, cannot afford to have I anything less than the best. The pifWic itself must be educated to regard the t,eaching pro- fession as in itself honourable and attractive and at least on a par with the other pro- fessions which provide openings for national talent. THE QUESTION OF COST. In a former article the national demand for free eeducation at least up to the university college has been noted. Freeing the inter- mediate school will mean more than the loss of the school fees now paid. The fees actually paid by pupils in 1915 amounted to less than £40,000 for the whole of Wales, by no means a formidable figure in an educational budget for the nation. But making the county school free will necessarily mean a very substantial enlargement of existing school buildings. The provision of technical schools will mean a further substantial capital outlay. In a word, as has already been pointed out, every develop- ment in our educational facilities must be largely dependent on financial resources. Can Wales afford the largely-increased outlay any really comprehensive scheme of educational re- form necessarily involves? In an address delivered before the Welsh County Schools Association, Mr. E. T. John last year estimated the cost of a really-efficient national scheme of education for Wales, as follows :— Class of School. No. of Cost Total I pupils. per pupil, cost. Elementary Schools.480,000 — £ 5 £2,400,000 Higher Elementary and Trade Schools. 50,000 £ 10— £ 500,000 Secondary and Technical Schools. 40 000 EIS- E600,000 University Colleges 5,000 — £ 50— E250,000 P.3,750,000 At first sight, 31 million pounds per annum for education in Wales seem appalling. It is, however, less than twelve hours cost to this Kingdom of the present war. In other words, Britain spends more in twelve hours in the war than would suffice to meet the educational needs of Wales for twelve months. Can not Wales, which has made such enormous sacri- fices for the effective prosecution of the war, demand some recognition of those sacrifices in the form of adequate provision for the effec- tive development of national education ? The figure, big as it appears to our unaccustomed eyes, is, by a strange coincidence, almost iden- tical with that which some British Colonies and some foreign countries now actually expend. New Zealand and the United States spend something like 30s. per head of the population per annum on public education. P" The population of Wales, in round numbers, is 2 millions, and at 30s. per head the aggre- gate amount which would place Wales on a par with the United States and with New Zealand is precisely the estimate given in Mr. E. T. John's budget, viz., £3,750,000 per annum. This is not beyond the reasonable expectations of the Welsh nation or in excess of what she must have if the next. and future generations of her children are not to be seriously handi- capped in the race of life. W Ministry of Food Cookery Book, 2d. (post free 3d.) from "Cambrian News," Aberystwyth.